医疗垃圾的现状及处理对策

在评述各类医疗垃圾危害性及现有处理方法基础上提出，应重视医疗垃圾和生活垃圾的区分，医疗垃圾的最佳处置方法是焚烧，医疗废水的处理方法应建立在科学论证的基础上，并建议尽快出台相应的法规及政策。     

可见光响应的碘掺杂TiO2光催化剂的制备及其作用机理

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物制备了碘掺杂TiO2催化剂(I-TiO2),考察了碘掺杂量、水解水量、水解温度和煅烧温度对催化剂物理化学性质与光催化活性的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示,I-TiO2由锐钛矿相和金红石相组成。在可见光照射下,通过降解水溶液中的苯酚评价了I-TiO2催化剂的光催化性能。结果表明,在水解温度为20℃,水解水量为300 mL,煅烧温度为400℃,碘钛比(摩尔比)为20%的制备条件下,催化剂显示了最优的光催化活性。通过向反应体系中引入自由基捕获剂及降低溶解氧,证实光催化降解苯酚主要由光生空穴或吸附的羟基自由基引发。     

湘江流域永州段水质和水文气象因素变化规律及其相关分析

为推进湘江流域永州段水资源保护,加强水质预测,利用2014—2018年冷水滩断面水文气象和水质监测数据,基于相关分析、主成分分析等多元统计方法,研究分析了湘江冷水滩断面水质、水文气象因素变化规律以及两者的相关关系、量化关系。结果表明:该地区水文气象因素对水质影响最大,水质与水文气象因素之间的相关关系显著,水文气象因素是影响湘江流域水质的重要因素;溶解氧与水温、降水量呈线性回归关系,高锰酸盐指数与水位呈线性回归关系,高锰酸盐指数拟合回归方程的精度略低于溶解氧拟合回归方程。     

响应曲面法优化HMBR去除TN的工艺条件

采用复合式膜生物反应器HMBR处理低C/N(3-5)实际生活污水,TN含量17~45 mg/L。基于CCD响应曲面法,考察了溶解氧DO、水力停留时间HRT和污泥龄SRT的单独作用及交互作用,并建立TN去除率数学模型。结果表明,影响因子显著性顺序为HRT>SRT>DO,三者间存在一定的交互作用,但并不显著;数学模型回归性较好,预测最大TN去除率为75%,最佳条件组合为:DO=3.79 mg/L,HRT=8.84 h,SRT=33.62 d,验证实验结果TN的去除率为73%,与预测值相比偏差仅为3%。采用HMBR处理低C/N生活污水,可以满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准中对TN≤15 mg/L的限制要求。     

基于响应曲面法的环境因素对生活污水三维荧光光谱的影响

采用响应曲面法（RSM）研究温度（10~35℃）、pH（3~11）、稀释倍数（1~10）及交互作用对生活污水溶解性有机物（DOM）三维荧光光谱特性的影响规律。研究表明：生活污水DOM主要含有类色氨酸蛋白质、类酪氨酸蛋白质和类富里酸荧光峰;响应曲面分析表明,温度、pH、稀释倍数其交互作用对于类色氨酸蛋白质荧光强度的影响强弱顺序为：稀释倍数 > pH > 温度、pH-稀释倍数 > 温度-pH > 温度-稀释倍数,其中温度-pH和温度-稀释倍数对其荧光强度的影响为拮抗作用,pH-稀释倍数为协同作用;对于类酪氨酸蛋白质,单因素影响顺序为：pH > 稀释倍数 > 温度,其他情况与类色氨酸蛋白质相似;对于类富里酸,温度、pH、稀释倍数及其交互作用对其影响规律与对类色氨酸蛋白质的相似,但交互作用类型与类色氨酸蛋白质情况相反。     

Fenton工艺处理有机废水污染物影响因素研究

Fenton氧化技术能有效地处理有机废水难降解污染物。对电导率不同的废水,Fenton处理污染物效率不同。实验结果显示,在有机废水浓缩液中加入活性炭,活性炭的吸附改变了溶液的电导率,也影响了Fenton工艺降解污染物的效率,对COD和NH_3-N的降解率均有显著提升。对于难降解有机废水浓缩液,要提高Fenton工艺降解效率,可采用适当方式改变反应体系的电导率。     

Optimal sequestration of carbon dioxide and phosphorus in soils by gypsum amendment

Gypsum has been applied as a natural fertilizer and soil amendment for centuries in agriculture for providing crop nutrients such as Ca and S, and for improving soil physical properties. Recently, gypsum has been tested for sequestrating CO₂ from the air and for capturing soluble phosphates in the soil, through formation of insoluble calcium phosphates and carbonates. However, the environmental factors controlling these sequestration processes have not been systemically studied. Here, we calculate optimal conditions of sequestration using chemical equilibrium modeling. Our results show that CO₂ carbonation is effective at pH higher than 8.5 at atmospheric concentration. The removal of P is higher than 80 % for pH higher than 6.4, when Ca and P are at stoichiometric ratio. Also, placement of gypsum in subsoil is more effective for CO₂ capture than applying it on soil surface since soil pores often contain higher concentrations of CO₂ due to the soil respiration process. Overall, increases in medium pH, gypsum application rate, or CO₂ partial pressure can increase the effectiveness of the amendment.     

Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.     

气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地50年的气象资料、水文资料和生态环境监测资料,采用迈阿密模型及回归统计分析方法,分析了气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响,结果表明,①50年来该湿地植物气候生产潜力变化趋势总体为下降趋势,减少的气候倾向率为每10年157.7 kg·km-2,峰值时段为1970—1990年,两个谷值时段为1961—1969年、1991—2010年,最大值和最小值与降水量出现的最多值和最少值一一对应。②在15个气象水文因子中有年降水量、年蒸散量、生长季径流量、春季大风日数、水位、春季平均风速、年大风日数、水域面积8个因子达到显著性检验（P〈0.150～0.001）,上述8个因子的排序也是与湿地区域植物气候生产潜力相关程度由大到小的排序。综述表明,呼伦湖湿地区域呈暖干化趋势,并且干旱灾害比较严重,是限制气候生产潜力的重要原因。③气象水文因子协同作用对该湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响较大,复相关系数为-0.997,年蒸散量与年平均气温、年降水量、生长季径流量和水位因子对湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的贡献相反,随其减少或增加,湿地区域植物气候生产潜力变化率增加或减少149.7 kg·hm-2。可以看出,该湿地气象水文因子的匹配并不理想,暖干化趋势依然是制约该区光能利用率低下的重要原因。④该湿地区域植物现实的生产力远未达到气候生产潜力,约有近60%的潜力可以开发;光能利用率较小的主要原因：一是现有的生态保护、修复技术及管理水平还比较落后,二是该区域暖干化趋势显著;而提高气候资源利用率的有效途径是加大保护生态环境力度和积极实施人工增雨、节水灌溉工程。