Role of interfacial electron transfer reactions on sulfamethoxazole degradation by reduced nontronite activating H2O2

It has been documented that organic contaminants can be degraded by hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) produced by the activation of H₂ O₂ by Fe(II)-bearing clay. However, the interfacial electron transfer reactions between structural Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 for • OH generation and its effects on contaminant remediation are unclear. In this study, we first investigated the relation between • OH generation sites and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation by activating H₂O₂ using nontronite with different reduction extents. SMX (5.2–16.9 μmol/L) degradation first increased and then decreased with an increase in the reduction extent of nontronite from 22% to 62%, while the • OH production increased continually. Passivization treatment of edge sites and structural variation results revealed that interfacial electron transfer reactions between Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 occur at both the edge and basal plane. The enhancement on basal plane interfacial electron transfer reactions in a high reduction extent rNAu-2 leads to the enhancement on utilization efficiencies of structural Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 for • OH generation.However, the • OH produced at the basal planes is less efficient in oxidizing SMX than that of at edge sites. Oxidation of SMX could be sustainable in the H 2 O 2 /rNAu-2 system through chemically reduction. The results of this study show the importance role of • OH generation sites on antibiotic degradation and provide guidance and potential strategies for antibiotic degradation by Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals in H 2 O 2 -based treatments.     

林南仓矿煤低温氧化动力学实验研究

为了研究林南仓矿煤的低温氧化的动力学特性,选取来自不同煤层和采区的3个煤样为实验煤样。通过工业分析和元素分析确定了煤的种类为中高挥发分烟煤,自燃等级为Ⅱ类自燃。分析热重实验结果将低温氧化过程分为失重阶段和增重阶段,确定两阶段为一级化学反应,随着反应深入氧化所需的能量增加。升温氧化实验过程中气体的质量浓度和种类随温度升高而增加,利用电子自旋共振波谱仪研究不同氧化温度下煤中自由基的数量,结果显示自由基浓度出现先减小后增加的趋势。从宏观和微观两个角度提出随着反应程度的加深反应所需能量以及气体产物和自由基数量之间的关系,进一步揭示煤自燃的发展进程。     

二级出水中溶解性有机物亲疏水性对超滤膜污染的影响

利用相对分子质量分布、三维荧光光谱仪及红外光谱仪等方法研究了城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物亲疏水性对超滤膜污染的影响。结果表明:城市污水二级出水中疏水性酸占42.8%,过渡亲水性酸占19.1%,亲水性有机物占38.1%;水中疏水性酸、过渡亲水性酸和亲水性有机物分别使膜通量减小32.8%、29.9%和18.6%,膜阻力增大106.6%、92.2%和58.6%;过渡亲水性酸为蛋白质类,相对分子质量主要在4000~30000 Da;亲水性有机物为脂肪类,主要集中在6 000 Da以下;疏水性酸物质为腐殖酸类,主要集中在4 000 Da以下,其中疏水性酸物质更容易引起超滤膜污染。     

Degradation of sulfonamides and formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination after pre-oxidation with Fe(Ⅵ)

Sulfonamides are used in human therapy,animal husbandry and agriculture but are not easily biodegradable,and are often detected in surface water.Sulfamethazine(SMZ) and sulfadiazine(SDZ) are two widely used sulfonamide antibiotics that are used heavily in agriculture.In this study,they were degraded in an aqueous system by chlorination after pre-oxidation with ferrate(VI)(FeVIO42-,Fe(VI)),an environmentally friendly oxidation technique that has been shown to be effective in degrading various organics.The kinetics of the degradation were determined as a function of Fe(VI)(0–1.5 mg/L),free chlorine(0–1.8 mg/L) and temperature(15–35°C).According to the experimental results,SMZ chlorination followed second-order kinetics with increasing Fe(VI) dosage,and the effect of the initial free chlorine concentration on the reaction kinetics with pre-oxidation by Fe(VI) fitted a pseudo-first order model.The rate constants of SDZ and SMZ chlorination at different temperatures were related to the Arrhenius equation.Fe(VI) could reduce the levels of THMs formed and the toxicity of the sulfonamide degradation systems with Fe(VI) doses of 0.5–1.5 mg/L,which provides a reference for ensuring water quality in drinking water systems.     

Residential water demand and water waste in Taiwan

Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - Residential water demand has long been an important topic of empirical research. How to estimate water waste, however, has rarely been touched. Using...     

The status and distribution of PCBs along the coast of Vietnam

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), well-known as an important scientific achievement, are now considered as one of the most persistent organic pollutants...     

Nitrous oxide generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process: main causes and control measures

Despite the many benefits of denitrifying phosphorus removal process, the significant generation of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, remains a problem for this innovative and promising process. To better understand and more effectively control N₂O generation in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the main causes of N₂O generation, based on which the control measures were subsequently proposed. The results showed that N₂O generation accounted for 0.41 % of the total nitrogen removal in denitrifying phosphorus removal process, whereas, in contrast, almost no N₂O was generated in conventional denitrification process. It was further demonstrated that the weak competition of N₂O reductase for electrons and the high nitrite accumulation were the two main causes for N₂O generation, evidenced by N₂O production and reduction rates under different conditions. Accordingly, the reduction of N₂O generation was successfully achieved via two control measures: (1) the use of continuous nitrate addition reducing N₂O generation by around 91.4 % and (2) the use of propionate as the carbon source reducing N₂O generation by around 69.8 %.     

Species of Trace Metals,Organic Residues and Humic Substances in Sediments From the Taiwan Erhjin River and Coastal Areas

Abstract

Total organic carbon, humic substances, and the species of trace metals (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe) in six and seven phases, such as bioexchangeable (P1), skeletal (carbonates, P2), easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, P3), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxides, P4), organic matters with sulphides (P5), and detritus with minerals (P6) as well as organic with humic substances (PB4) and organic residues (PB6), were analyzed in sediments from the Taiwan Erhjin coastal (including river and estuarine) area, where places we found the copper pollution. Results indicate that higher percentages of P1 and P2 for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and manganese in samples collected in March and September of 1990 were much higher than those in P3-P6. High percentages of chromium and iron in samples respectively collected in March and September of 1990 were found in P6. for the seven phase analysis, higher percentages of copper species in PB4 and PB6 as well as iron species in PB7 were observed. On the other hand, purified humic acid with the high contents of manganese and iron in humic acid as well as purified fulvic acids were generally found at the upstream stations; and low values at coastal stations. However, extremely high copper (as high as 1750μg g^?1, dry weight in fulvic acid and 820μg g^?1 in humic acid) and lead (821μg g^?1 in humic acid) concentrations with relatively high manganese and iron concentrations were observed in humic substances from the station near the copper recycling area. Comparing the results obtained from the Antarctic Ocean sediments with those from the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the human impacts on the latter are evaluated.