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191.
Luis M. Romeo Sergio Espatolero Irene Bolea 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2008,2(4):563
Absorption by chemical solvents combined with CO2 long-term storage appears to offer interesting and commercial applicable CO2 capture technology. However one of the main disadvantages is related to the large quantities of heat required to regenerate the amine solvent that means an important power plant efficiency penalty. Different studies have analyzed alternatives to reduce the heat duty on the reboiler and the thermal integration requirements on existing power cycles. In these studies integration principles have been well set up, but there is a lack of information about how to achieve an integrated design and the thermal balances of the modified cycle flowsheet. This paper proposes and provides details about a set of modifications of a supercritical steam cycle to overcome the energy requirements through energetic integration with the aim of reducing the efficiency and power output penalty associated with CO2 capture process. Modifications include a new designed low-pressure heater flowsheet to take advantage of the CO2 compression cooling for postcombustion systems and integration of amine reboiler into a steam cycle. It has been carried out several simulations in order to obtain power plant performance depending on sorbent regeneration requirements. 相似文献
192.
Hydrogen peroxide-assisted UV photodegradation of Lindane 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aqueous solutions of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) were photolyzed (lambda=254 nm) under a variety of solution conditions. The initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and Lindane varied from 0 to 20 mM and 0.21 to 0.22 microM, respectively, the pH ranged from 3 to 11, and several concentration ratios of Suwannee River humic acid and fulvic acid were dissolved in the irradiated solutions. Lindane rapidly reacted, and the maximum reaction rate constant (9.7 x 10(-3) s(-1)) was observed at pH 7 and initial [H(2)O(2)]=1 mM. Thus, 90% of the Lindane is destroyed in approximately 4 min under these conditions. In addition, within 15 min, all chlorine atoms were converted to chloride ion, indicating that chlorinated organic by-products do not accumulate. The reactor was characterized by measuring the photon flux (7.04 x 10(-6) E s(-1)) and the cumulative production of *OH during irradiation. The cumulative *OH production during irradiation was fastest at an initial [H(2)O(2)]=5 mM (k=0.77 micro M s(-1)). 相似文献
193.
Investigations concerning the measurement and evaluation of mineral oil hydrocarbons using Fourier-transform-infrared (FT/IR-)-spectroscopy,1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-spectroscopy and Capillary gas chromatography — Flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) are presented. By means of various mineral oils and three certified reference materials (CRM) all tested methods were within a ±7%-range to the mineral oil nominal value and the 95% confidence intervals of the CRM’s, respectively. The GC-FID evaluation could be done without calibration using an relative response ratio of mineral oil to an internal standard (n-tetracontane). A1H-NMR-method was developed for the quantitative determination of mineral oil hydrocarbons, successfully applied down to 0.2 mg/ml. Due to the determination limit achieved, the1H-NMR-spectroscopy gain in importance as a reference method for the analysis of mineral oils. 相似文献
194.
Julie B Kellner Irene Tetreault Steven D Gaines Roger M Nisbet 《Ecological applications》2007,17(4):1039-1054
Throughout the world "fishing the line" is a frequent harvesting tactic in communities where no-take marine reserves are designated. This practice of concentrating fishing effort at the boundary of a marine reserve is predicated upon the principle of spillover, the net export of stock from the marine reserve to the surrounding unprotected waters. We explore the consequences and optimality of fishing the line using a spatially explicit theoretical model. We show that fishing the line: (1) is part of the optimal effort distribution near no-take marine reserves with mobile species regardless of the cooperation level among harvesters; (2) has a significant impact on the spatial patterns of catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fish density both within and outside of the reserve; and (3) can enhance total population size and catch simultaneously under a limited set of conditions for overexploited populations. Additionally, we explore the consequences of basing the spatial distribution of fishing effort for a multispecies fishery upon the optimality of the most mobile species that exhibits the greatest spillover. Our results show that the intensity of effort allocated to fishing the line should instead be based upon more intermediate rates of mobility within the targeted community. We conclude with a comparison between model predictions and empirical findings from a density gradient study of two important game fish in the vicinity of a no-take marine-life refuge on Santa Catalina Island, California (USA). These results reveal the need for empirical studies to account for harvester behavior and suggest that the implications of spatial discontinuities such as fishing the line should be incorporated into marine-reserve design. 相似文献
195.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a fungicide used in wood protection and a herbicide used against weeds in various crops2–4, especially in rice. Up to 1971, it contributed more than 50% to the herbicides used in Japan. However, because it has a high fish- and shellfish-toxicity, its application to paddy fields has been restricted since 1971. Today, PCP is still in use to a fair extent in paddy fields and upland crops either as a single herbicide or in combination with others4. Numerous publications are concerned with its abiotic decomposition5–8 including photomineralization9 and microbial degradation4,10–16 leading to the formation of carbon dioxide17–18. Furthermore, studies with bacteria using PCP as a sole carbon source have been done13,19. At least ten metabolites have been isolated from soil and identified4,10–11,14, 20–21, the main metabolic steps being methylation of the hydroxyl group, dechlorination resulting in tetrachloro- and trichlorophenols, and hydroxylation to chlorinated hydroquinones or catechols.According to our knowledge, no reports are available on identification of metabolites in the protected organisms, the higher plants. In one study it has been suggested that cotton plants accumulate and metabolize PCP, but no metabolites were reported22. This first paper on our respective experiments deals with the isolation and identification of a metabolite found in rice plants. 相似文献
196.
Rose M Harrison N Greaves A Dowding A Runacres S Gem M Fernandes A White S Duff M Costley C Leon I Petch RS Holland J Chapman A 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(4):378-383
To control the outbreak of foot and mouth disease, which occurred in the UK in early 2001, a large number of farm animals were slaughtered. Where it was not possible to render or landfill the carcasses, they were destroyed by burning on open pyres, with wood, coal and other materials. Uncontrolled combustion such as this is known to produce small quantities of dioxins and an investigation was made into whether, as a result of the burning, there was an elevation in the concentrations of these compounds in food produced in the areas close to the pyres. With few exceptions, concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were within the expected ranges as predicted by reference data. No accumulation over time was evident from a repeat milk sampling exercise. Where elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were found in chickens and eggs, they were in samples not destined for the food chain. Elevated levels in some samples of milk from Dumfries and Galloway were not found in earlier or later samples and may have been found as a result of a temporary feeding regime. Elevated concentrations in lamb from Carmarthenshire were from very young animals which would not have entered the food chain. There was no evidence of any significant increase in dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs as a result of the FMD pyres. 相似文献
197.
I. Scheunert D. Vockel W. Klein F. Korte 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):719-742
Abstract Residue disappearance and leaching of 14C‐allyl‐alcohol from different soils were studied in laboratory experiments. Additionally, the uptake of residues by lettuce and carrots was investigated in the greenhouse. In laboratory experiments, residue disappearance and leaching from soils was correlated negatively to the organic matter content. In greenhouse experiments with a sandy loam soil at an application rate normally used in practice, an average of 12.5 % of the applied radioactivity was recovered after an eight day interval between application and sowing. Furthermore, an average of 8 % (sum in soil and plants) of the applied radioactivity was recovered after lettuce or carrot growing. Uptake of residues was higher by carrots than by lettuce, and higher by lettuce roots than by lettuce tops. No bioaccumulation was observed. The residues in soils and plants were, to a high percentage, unextractable and, to a smaller extent, fully water‐soluble products. Unchanged allylalcohol could not be detected by the analytical methods used. 相似文献
198.
Fernando G. Brun Fabio Cummaudo Irene Olivé Juan José Vergara José Lucas Pérez-Lloréns 《Marine Biology》2007,151(5):1917-1927
Disaggregating seagrass meadows and studying its components separately (clones, ramets, shoots) can provide us insights on
meadow dynamics and growth patterns. The clonal growth, dependent upon clonal rules may regulate and impose constraints to
plant architecture and, therefore, determine how individual clones evolve into the environment. In order to investigate the
relationship between clonal growth rules and clone architecture, the belowground network architecture of single-clones of
the seagrass Zostera noltii was studied. Networks were traced in situ after washing out the overlying sediment, and network characteristics were measured
using digital analysis: area covered by clone, total rhizome length, type of rhizomatic axes (main, secondary, tertiary, quaternary),
number and length of the internodes, branching angles and branching frequencies. This approach revealed that Z. noltii is able to develop into large clones integrating up to 300 internodes, 676 cm of rhizome, 208 shoots and 4,300 cm2 of plant area. Internodal length depended on both, the distance to the apical shoot (time effect) and the axes type (apical
dominance effect). However, average branching angle was independent of axis type (average 58.3 ± 0.75), but varied significantly
depending on the distance from the apical shoot. This average branching angle allows Z. noltii maximize the rate of centrifugal expansion, maintaining a high density in colonized areas to produce close stands but also
minimizing the investment in belowground biomass and ramets overlapping. The clonal architecture of Z. noltii seems to be regulated by the interaction of both, apical dominance strength and clonal integration distance. Moreover, clonal
growth rules and growth pattern seem to constrain clonality through (clonal) plant architecture regulations (i.e. branching
is restricted in secondary axes, similar average branching angles regardless the axes, the higher the distance to the apex
the higher the number of internodes in secondary axes, shorter internodes in secondary and tertiary axes). Future research
efforts should focus on how these complex relationships between apical dominance and clonal integration interact to elucidate
the temporal (seasonal) and spatial scales of both processes and the outcome at the plant architectural level. 相似文献
199.
200.