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71.
This work reports the feasibility of using Pd nanoparticles as innovative catalysts in the conversion of reducible contaminants from toxic to benign forms. Cr(VI) is a known carcinogen while the trivalent chromium salts are believed to be non-toxic. The ability of Pd nanoparticles to catalyze the rapid reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) using reactive sulfur intermediates produced in situ was therefore studied. Using a microchamber set at 130 degrees C, the reduction mixture consists of palladium nanoparticles and sulfur (PdNPs/S), which generated highly reducing sulfur intermediates that effected the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by 1st order reaction kinetics. UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were employed to monitor the reduction process. The results showed that 99.8% of 400 microM Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by PdNPs/S in one hour compared to 2.1% by a control experiment consisting of sulfur only. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction was found to be dependent on temperature and pH and was greatly enhanced by the addition of PdNPs. Subsequent application of this approach in the reduction of Cr(VI) in soil and aqueous media was conducted. In contrast to the control experiments with and without PdNPs or sulfur, greater than 92% conversion rate was obtained in the presence of PdNPs/S within 1 hour. This represents over a 500-fold improvement in conversion rate compared to current microbial approaches. XPS analysis provided the confirmation regarding the oxidation states of Cr(VI), Cr(III) and the nature of the reactive intermediates. This work offers PdNPs/S as a new interface for the reduction of high oxidation state heavy metal pollutants. 相似文献
72.
Karp E Sebbag G Peiser J Dukhno O Ovnat A Levy I Hyam E Blumenfeld A Kluger Y Simon D Shaked G 《Disasters》2007,31(1):104-112
Two suicide bombings in and around Taba, Egypt, on 7 October 2004 created a complex medical and organisational situation. Since most victims were Israeli tourists, the National Emergency and Disaster Management Division handled their evacuation and treatment. This paper describes the event chronologically, as well as the organisational and management challenges confronted and applied solutions. Forty-nine emergency personnel and physicians were flown early to the disaster area to reinforce scarce local medical resources. Two hundred casualties were recorded: 32 dead and 168 injured. Eilat hospital was transformed into a triage facility. Thirty-two seriously injured patients were flown to two remote trauma centres in central Israel. Management of mass casualty incidents is difficult when local resources are inadequate. An effective response should include: rapid transportation of experienced trauma teams to the disaster zone; conversion of local medical amenities into a triage centre; and rapid evacuation of the seriously injured to higher level medical facilities. 相似文献
73.
Santos IR Friedrich AC Ivar do Sul JA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,148(1-4):455-462
We hypothesize that floating debris leaving polluted coastal bays accumulate on nearby pristine beaches. We examined composition, quantities and distribution of marine debris along approximately 150 km of relatively undeveloped, tropical beaches in Costa do Dendê (Bahia, Brazil). The study site is located south of Salvador City, the largest urban settlement from NE Brazil. Strong spatial variations were observed. Plastics accounted for 76% of the sampled items, followed by styrofoam (14%). Small plastic fragments resultant from the breakdown of larger items are ubiquitous all over the area. Because the dominant littoral drift in Bahia is southward, average beach debris densities (9.1 items/m) along Costa do Dendê were threefold higher than densities previously observed north of Salvador City. River-dominated and stable beaches had higher debris quantities than unstable, erosional beaches. Areas immediately south of the major regional embayments (Camamu and Todos os Santos) were the preferential accumulation sites, indicating that rivers draining populous areas are the major source of debris to the study site. Our results provide baseline information for future assessments. Management actions should focus on input prevention at the hydrographic basin level rather than on cleaning services on beaches. 相似文献
74.
Dominic Odwa Atari Isaac N. Luginaah Kevin Gorey Xiaohong Xu Karen Fung 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4537-4549
Annoyance produced by air pollution has been suggested as a useful proxy for determining ambient air pollution exposure. However, most of the studies, to date, have focused on nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, with no work done on volatile organic compounds (VOC). This study is aimed at examining the associations between odour annoyance and VOC in ‘Chemical Valley’, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. Annoyance scores were extracted from a community health survey (N?=?774), and exposures to VOC were estimated from respondents’ six-digit alphanumeric postal codes using land use regression models. Univariate analyses were used to explore the relationships between odour annoyance and modelled pollutants, whilst multivariate ordinal logistic regression was utilized to examine the determinants of odour annoyance. The results indicate that odour annoyance is significantly associated with modelled benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and (m?+?p)?xylene (BTEX) pollutants. The findings also show that the determinants of odour annoyance in the context of VOC include gender, number of relatives in the community, perception of air pollution, community satisfaction, medical checkups, ability to cope with daily life demands and general symptoms. When compared, the analysis indicates that Sarnia residents respond to considerably lower BTEX concentrations than the allowable ‘safe’ levels in the province of Ontario. In general, the results exhibit a dose–response gradient with annoyance score increasing with rising modelled pollutant concentrations. The observed relationships suggest that odour annoyance might be a function of true exposure and may serve as a proxy for air quality and ambient air pollution monitoring. However, questionnaire-based odour annoyance scores need to be longitudinally validated across different geographical scales and pollutants if they are to be adopted at the national level. 相似文献
75.
Isaac Schifter Luis Díaz-Gutiérrez René Rodríguez-Lara Carmen González-Macías Uriel González-Macías 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(5):243
Gasoline–ethanol–methanol fuel blends were formulated with the same stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio and volumetric energy concentration as any binary ethanol–gasoline blend. When the stoichiometric blends operated in a vehicle, the time period, injector voltage, and pressure for each fuel injection event in the engine corresponded to a given stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio, and the load was essentially constant. Three low oxygen content iso-stoichiometric ternary gasoline–ethanol–methanol fuel blends were prepared, and the properties were compared with regular-type fuel without added oxygen. One of the ternary fuels was tested using a fleet of in-use vehicles for15 weeks and compared to neat gasoline without oxygenated compounds as a reference. Only a small number of publications have compared these ternary fuels in the same engine, and little data exist on the performance and emissions of in-use spark-ignition engines. The total hydrocarbon emissions observed was similar in both fuels, in addition to the calculated ozone forming potential of the tailpipe and evaporative emissions. In ozone non-attainment areas, the original purpose for oxygenate gasolines was to decrease carbon monoxide emissions. The results suggest that the strategy is less effective than expected because there still exist a great number of vehicles that have suffered the progressive deterioration of emissions and do not react to oxygenation, while new vehicles are equipped with sophisticated air/fuel control systems, and oxygenation does not improve combustion because the systems adjust the stoichiometric point, making it insensitive to the origin of the added excess oxygen (fuel or excess air). 相似文献
76.
Adjei Mensah Isaac Sun Mei Gao Cuixia Omari-Sasu Akoto Yaw Sun Huaping Ampimah Benjamin Chris Quarcoo Alfred 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(31):38674-38694
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The main aim of this current study is to empirically scrutinize the determinants of energy consumption for 24 African countries sub-grouped into three... 相似文献
77.
Musah Mohammed Kong Yusheng Mensah Isaac Adjei Antwi Stephen Kwadwo Donkor Mary 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2021,23(8):11525-11552
Environment, Development and Sustainability - This study examined the nexus between urbanization and carbon emissions in West Africa. Second-generation econometric techniques that are robust to... 相似文献
78.
Ntiamoah Evans Brako Li Dongmei Appiah-Otoo Isaac Twumasi Martinson Ankrah Yeboah Edmond Nyamah 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(48):72777-72796
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Ghanaian economy relies heavily on maize and soybean production. The entire maize and soybean production system is low-tech, making it extremely... 相似文献
79.
Sarfo Isaac Shuoben Bi Beibei Li Amankwah Solomon Obiri Yeboah Yeboah Emmanuel Koku John Ernest Nunoo Edward Kweku Kwang Clement 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2022,24(8):9851-9883
Environment, Development and Sustainability - This study assesses the spatiotemporal development of land use systems and climate variability in Southwestern Ghana over the past five decades using... 相似文献
80.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Single use plastics pose environmental and socioeconomic problems in our life and ecosystems. After a 14 year attempt, Kenya successfully... 相似文献