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161.
Paul van Nugteren Leon Moodley Geert-Jan Brummer Carlo H. R. Heip Peter M. J. Herman Jack J. Middelburg 《Marine Biology》2009,156(11):2277-2287
Organic matter (OM) remineralization may be considered a key function of the benthic compartment of marine ecosystems and
in this study we investigated if the input of labile organic carbon alters mineralization of indigenous sediment OM (OM priming).
Using 13C-enriched diatoms as labile tracer carbon, we examined shallow-water sediments (surface and subsurface layers) containing
organic carbon of different reactivity under oxic versus anoxic conditions. The background OM decomposition rates of the sediment
used ranged from 0.08 to 0.44 μmol C mlws−1 day−1. Algal OM additions induced enhanced levels of background remineralization (priming) up to 31% and these measured excess
fluxes were similar to mineralization of the added highly degradable tracer algal carbon. This suggests that OM priming may
be important in marine sediments. 相似文献
162.
The radiation doses to humans resulting from a potential release of radionuclides from a geological repository for long-lived waste are assessed over tens or even hundreds of thousands of years. Ingestion is expected to be the major exposure pathway, and the group with the highest exposures will be those that consume the most contaminated food. In this paper, we characterize the group of individuals with the highest exposures by considering the physical and biological characteristics of the contaminated area and human requirements for energy and nutrients. We then calculate intake rates based on land-use scenarios drawn from self-sustained communities spanning prehistoric times to an industrial-age agrarian culture. The approach is illustrated by simulating groundwater release of four radionuclides to an expected discharge area. We argue that the derived intake rates may serve as credible bounding cases when projected doses are evaluated for compliance with regulatory criteria. 相似文献
163.
Jack Caravanos Bret Ericson Johny Ponce-Canchihuamán David Hanrahan Meredith Block Budi Susilorini Richard Fuller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(11):7711-7718
Previous studies have evaluated associated health risks and human exposure pathways at mining sites. Others have provided estimates of the scale of the issue based in part on surveys. However, a global census of mining-related hazardous waste sites has been lacking. The Toxic Sites Identification Program (TSIP) implemented by Blacksmith Institute (New York, NY, USA) since 2009 is an ongoing effort to catalogue a wide range of chemically contaminated sites with a potential human health risk (Ericson et al., Environ Monit Assess doi:10.1007/s 10661-012-2665-2, 2012). The TSIP utilizes a rapid assessment instrument, the Initial Site Screening (ISS), to quickly and affordably identify key site criteria including human exposure pathways, estimated populations at risk, and sampling information. The resulting ISS allows for comparison between sites exhibiting different contaminants and pollution sources. This paper explores the results of a subset of ISSs completed at 131 artisanal and small-scale gold mining areas and 275 industrial mining and ore processing sites in 45 countries. The authors show that the ISS captures key data points, allowing for prioritization of sites for further investigation or remedial activity. 相似文献
164.
Harold M. Haaland Charles W. Lear Jack E. Phelan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):976-977
A stack design procedure is developed which accounts for the effect of plume interception by downwind buildings, and which provides information on effluent concentrations in a form useful to planning authorities. The information presented in this paper is directed to engineers carrying out stack designs for locations where downwind buildings are of comparable height to the stack. A wind tunnel investigation using tracer gas techniques indicates that, for a plume at building height, downwash on the upwind face of a building causes the high concentrations observed near the roof to be transported to ground level. The effect of a plume on elevated points is determined by the concept of the minimum descent height of the maximum allowable ambient concentration isopleth. This minimum descent height, computed using Gaussian plume dispersion theory, defines a building height below which pollutant concentrations will always lie within safe limits. A case study is presented for the use of the design procedure for a small thermal power plant in an urban area. 相似文献
165.
Jack H. Shreffler 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1576-1584
Title I of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 calls for “enhanced monitoring” of ozone, which is planned to include measurements of atmospheric non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs). NMOC concentration data gathered by two methods in Atlanta, Georgia during July and August 1990 are compared in order to assess the reliability of such measurements in an operational setting. During that period, automated gas chromatography (GO) systems (Field systems) were used to collect NMOC continuously as one-hour averages. In addition, canister samples of ambient air were collected on an intermittent schedule for quality control purposes and analyzed by laboratory GC (the Lab system). Data from the six-site network included concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone, total NMOC (TNMOC), and 47 identified NMOCs. Regression analysis indicates that the average TNMOC concentration from the Lab system is about 50 percent higher than that from the Field system, and that the bulk of the difference is due to unidentified NMOCs recorded by the Lab system. Also, there are substantial uncertainties in predicting a single Field TNMOC concentration from a measured Lab concentration. Considering individual identified NMOCs, agreement between the systems is poor for many olefins that occur at low concentrations but may be photochemically important. Regressions of TNMOC against CO and NOX lead to the conclusion that the larger unidentified component being reported by the Lab system is not closely related to local combustion or automotive sources. 相似文献
166.
167.
A vertically-integrated analytical model for dissolved phase transport is described that considers a time-dependent DNAPL source based on the upscaled dissolution kinetics model of Parker and Park with extensions to consider time-dependent source zone biodecay, partial source mass reduction, and remediation-enhanced source dissolution kinetics. The model also considers spatial variability in aqueous plume decay, which is treated as the sum of aqueous biodecay and volatilization due to diffusive transport and barometric pumping through the unsaturated zone. The model is implemented in Excel/VBA coupled with (1) an inverse solution that utilizes prior information on model parameters and their uncertainty to condition the solution, and (2) an error analysis module that computes parameter covariances and total prediction uncertainty due to regression error and parameter uncertainty. A hypothetical case study is presented to evaluate the feasibility of calibrating the model from limited noisy field data. The results indicate that prediction uncertainty increases significantly over time following calibration, primarily due to propagation of parameter uncertainty. However, differences between the predicted performance of source zone partial mass reduction and the known true performance were reasonably small. Furthermore, a clear difference is observed between the predicted performance for the remedial action scenario versus that for a no-action scenario, which is consistent with the true system behavior. The results suggest that the model formulation can be effectively utilized to assess monitored natural attenuation and source remediation options if careful attention is given to model calibration and prediction uncertainty issues. 相似文献
168.
James Flynn Barry Lefer Bernhard Rappenglück Michael Leuchner Ryan Perna Jack Dibb Luke Ziemba Casey Anderson Jochen Stutz William Brune Xinrong Ren Jingqiu Mao Winston Luke Jennifer Olson Gao Chen James Crawford 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(33):4126-4133
A radiative transfer model and photochemical box model are used to examine the effects of clouds and aerosols on actinic flux and photolysis rates, and the impacts of changes in photolysis rates on ozone production and destruction rates in a polluted urban environment like Houston, Texas. During the TexAQS-II Radical and Aerosol Measurement Project the combined cloud and aerosol effects reduced j(NO2) photolysis frequencies by nominally 17%, while aerosols reduced j(NO2) by 3% on six clear sky days. Reductions in actinic flux due to attenuation by clouds and aerosols correspond to reduced net ozone formation rates with a nearly one-to-one relationship. The overall reduction in the net ozone production rate due to reductions in photolysis rates by clouds and aerosols was approximately 8 ppbv h?1. 相似文献
169.
Luke D. Ziemba Jack E. Dibb Robert J. Griffin Casey H. Anderson Sallie I. Whitlow Barry L. Lefer Bernhard Rappenglück James Flynn 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(33):4081-4089
Nitrous acid (HONO), nitric acid (HNO3), and organic aerosol were measured simultaneously atop an 18-story tower in Houston, TX during August and September of 2006. HONO and HNO3 were measured using a mist chamber/ion chromatographic technique, and aerosol size and chemical composition were determined using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer. Observations indicate the potential for a new HONO formation pathway: heterogeneous conversion of HNO3 on the surface of primary organic aerosol (POA). Significant HONO production was observed, with an average of 0.97 ppbv event?1 and a maximum increase of 2.2 ppb in 4 h. Nine identified events showed clear HNO3 depletion and well-correlated increases in both HONO concentration and POA-dominated aerosol surface area (SA). Linear regression analysis results in correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.82 for HONO/SA and 0.92 for HONO/HNO3. After correction for established HONO formation pathways, molar increases in excess HONO (HONOexcess) and decreases in HNO3 were nearly balanced, with an average HONOexcess/HNO3 value of 0.97. Deviations from this mole balance indicate that the residual HNO3 formed aerosol-phase nitrate. Aerosol mass spectral analysis suggests that the composition of POA could influence HONO production. Several previously identified aerosol-phase PAH compounds were enriched during events, suggesting their potential importance for heterogeneous HONO formation. 相似文献
170.
Regional Environmental Change - Research shows that the association between adverse climate conditions and human migration is heterogeneous. One reason for this heterogeneity is the differential... 相似文献