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211.
The combined effects of temperature, light and symbiont density on the metabolic rate and calcification of the temperate coral Astrangia danae were studied experimentally using colonies containing different concentrations of zooxanthellae. After acclimation to five temperatures between 6.5° and 27°C, and incubation at three light levels and in darkness, respiration and photosynthesis were measured and corrected for rates due to commensals alone. Calcification rates were regressed on zooxanthellae concentration and production in order to define “symbiotic” and “non-symbiotic” averages, and the enhancement of calcification by symbiotic interactions in the polyps. Respiration by the polyparium varied less with temperature between 11.5° and 23°C than that of the commensals, suggesting physiological acclimation by the coral tissue. In-vivo zooxanthellae photosynthesis increased linearly with temperature and was near its maximum at 400 μEin m?2 s?1, but the photosynthesis of the endolithic algae of the corallum varied little between 11.5° and 27°C. Calcification at any given temperature was near its maximum at 40 μEin m?2 s?1 in both symbiotic and non-symbiotic corals. CaCO3 deposition increased linearly with temperature in non-symbiotic colonies and in symbiotic colonies incubated in the dark. In symbiotic colonies, calcification in the light increased above these basic rates as temperature rose above 15°C. Below 15°C, symbiotic interactions failed to stimulate calcification, apparently due both to a lowering of zooxanthellae photosynthesis and to a decrease in the enhancing effect of any given level of primary production. 相似文献
212.
213.
The quantum yield of the phototransformation of 4-nitrophenol has been evaluated as 4.5×10−5±0.6×10−5 at pH=2; at 3.0×10−5±0.6×10−5 at pH=5.5; 1.8×10−5±0.5×10−5 at pH=8.3. However the half-life is relatively low and no accumulation of aromatic or quinonic products was observed. Hydroquinone (QH2) is the main organic primary product formed when an air-saturated or degassed solution was irradiated in 365 nm monochromatic light (about 80% of the 4-nitrophenol initially converted at pH=5.5 in the absence of oxygen). In air-saturated neutral or acidic solution, the formation of NO−3 ions accounted for about 80% of the 4-nitrophenol converted, but in degassed medium a mixture NO : NO−2 : NO−3 is formed. An heterolytical mechanism of photohydrolysis with primary formation of QH2 and HNO2 is suggested. Several by-products as benzoquinone, 4-nitrosophenol, 4-nitrocatechol and nitrohydroquinone are formed according to the conditions. Many secondary reactions are involved as the disproportionation or the oxidation of HNO2, the oxidation of QH2 by HNO2 and oxidations induced by excitation of NO−2 and NO−3. 相似文献
214.
Summary Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), kept in individual cages under constant dim-light conditions, displayed steady free-running rhythms of activity, the period of which varied between individuals.When two previously isolated mice with different rhythms were placed in a common enclosure, under the same constant light conditions, they soon displayed a mutual synchronization of their activity rhythms. When separated again, the mice lost mutual synchronization (Figs. 1 and 2)The process by which mutual synchronization was attained in the common enclosure is typical of entrainment by an external synchronizer (Zeitgeber). Our results suggest that the activity rhythm of the dominant mouse entrains the activity rhythm of the subordinate, and is thus a social Zeitgeber. 相似文献
215.
Pascal?Laurent Jean-Claude?Braekman Désiré?Daloze Jacques?M.?PasteelsEmail author 《Chemoecology》2003,13(3):109-111
Summary. 22-Acetyl-20-hydroxyecdysone was identified
as a major component in the secretion of elytral and pronotal
glands of Chrysolina carnifex, at an estimated concentration
of 1.5 x 10-1 M. This unexpected high concentration
of an ecdysteroid in an exocrine secretion of an insect is
discussed in terms of its potential defensive function, and in
the light of steroid production in similar glands of closely
related leaf beetles. 相似文献
216.
Summary. ((no summary.))A corrected version of the appendix is available for free download from 相似文献
217.
Projecting Canadian Prairie Runoff for 2041–2070 with North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) Data
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Jeannine‐Marie St‐Jacques Yuliya Andreichuk David J. Sauchyn Elaine Barrow 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(3):660-675
The South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB) of Alberta, Canada, is semiarid and under severe water stress due to increasing human demands. We present the first examination of projected changes in SSRB runoff from a large set of North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program regional climate models (RCMs) plus one Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment RCM. We used six different runoff estimation methods: total surface and subsurface runoff (total runoff), surface runoff, and four estimations based on Budyko functions. Most RCM estimations showed substantial biases and distribution differences when compared to observed data; thus bias correction was necessary. Total runoff was the best of the six variables in modeling observed runoff for each of the four SSRB subbasins. Projected total runoff for 2041–2070 shows a geographic gradient in the SSRB, with possible drying in the southern Oldman River subbasin and possible increased runoff in the northernmost Red Deer River subbasin. A shift to an earlier spring peak in runoff and drier late summer, with a need for increased irrigation, should be expected. In a first examination of the important question of projected changes in interannual variability, we show increasing magnitude. This result further adds to adaptation challenges over the course of this century in this basin, which is already largely closed to further allocation. 相似文献
218.
Dental microwear in relation to changes in the direction of mastication during the evolution of Myodonta (Rodentia,Mammalia) 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Observations of dental microwear are used to analyse the correlation between changes in molar tooth crown morphology and the
direction of masticatory movement during the evolution of Myodonta (Rodentia, Mammalia). The studied sample includes 36 specimens
representing both superfamilies of Myodonta (Muroidea and Dipodoidea) spanning 16 dipodoid and 9 muroid species. Microscopic
scratches on occlusal surfaces resulting from contact between opposite teeth during mastication are analysed. Using these
features, we determine the direction of masticatory movements. Microwear patterns display diverse orientations among Dipodoidea:
oblique in Sicistinae, Euchoreutinae and Zapodinae, propalinal in Dipodinae and intermediary in Allactaginae. Similarly, Muroidea
exhibit the following orientations: oblique in Cricetinae and propalinal in Arvicolinae, Cricetomyinae, Gerbillinae and Murinae.
These various chewing types illustrate different evolutionary grades within the superfamilies. Acquisition of the antero-posterior
masticatory movement in Dipodoidea is related to flattening of the molar occlusal surface. However, in some muroid subfamilies,
this direction of mastication is associated with low-crowned and cuspidate molars (Cricetomyinae, Murinae). 相似文献
219.
220.
Chantal Gascuel-Odoux Florence Massa Patrick Durand Philippe Merot Olivier Troccaz Jacques Baudry Claudine Thenail 《Environmental management》2009,43(5):921-935
While many scientific studies show the influence of agricultural landscape patterns on water cycle and water quality, only
a few of these have proposed scientifically based and operational methods to improve water management. Territ’eau is a framework
developed to adapt agricultural landscapes to water quality protection, using components such as farmers’ fields, seminatural
areas, and human infrastructures, which can act as sources, sinks, or buffers on water quality. This framework allows us to
delimit active areas contributing to water quality, defined by the following three characteristics: (i) the dominant hydrological
processes and their flow pathways, (ii) the characteristics of each considered pollutant, and (iii) the main landscape features.
These areas are delineated by analyzing the flow connectivity from the stream to the croplands, by assessing the buffer functions
of seminatural areas according to their flow pathways. Hence, this framework allows us to identify functional seminatural
areas in terms of water quality and assess their limits and functions; it helps in proposing different approaches for changing
agricultural landscape, acting on agricultural practices or systems, and/or conserving or rebuilding seminatural areas in
controversial landscapes. Finally, it allows us to objectivize the functions of the landscape components, for adapting these
components to new environmental constraints. 相似文献