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101.
102.
Matucha M Rohlenová J Forczek ST Uhlírová H Gryndler M Fuksová K Schröder P 《Chemosphere》2006,63(11):1924-1932
Radioisotopes carbon 14 and chlorine 36 were used to elucidate the environmental role of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) formerly taken to be a herbicide and a secondary air pollutant with phytotoxic effects. However, use of 14C-labeling posed again known analytical problems, especially in TCA extraction from the sample matrix. Therefore—after evaluation of available methods—a new procedure using decarboxylation of [1,2-14C]TCA combined with extraction of the resultant 14C-chloroform with a non-polar solvent and its subsequent radiometric measurement was developed. The method solves previous difficulties and permits an easy determination of amounts between 0.4 and 20 kBq (10–500 ng g−1) of carrier-less [1,2-14C]TCA in samples from environmental investigations. The procedure is, however, not suitable for direct [36Cl]TCA determination in chlorination studies with 36Cl. Because TCA might be microbially degraded in soil during extraction and sample storage and its extraction from soil or needles is never complete, the decarboxylation method—i.e. 2 h TCA decomposition to chloroform and CO2 in aqueous solution or suspension in closed vial at 90 °C and pH 4.6 with subsequent CHCl3 extraction—is recommended here, estimated V < 7%. Moreover, the influence of pH and temperature on the decarboxylation of TCA in aqueous solution was studied in a broad range and its environmental relevance is shown in the case of TCA decarboxylation in spruce needles which takes place also at ambient temperatures and might amount more than 10–20% after a growing season. A study of TCA distribution in spruce needles after below-ground uptake shows the highest uptake rate into current needles which have, however, a lower TCA content than older needle-year classes, TCA biodegradation in forest soil leads predominatingly to CO2. 相似文献
103.
Deposition of sea salts is commonly elevated along the coast relative to inland areas, yet little is known about the effects on terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry. We examined the influence of NaCl concentrations on N, C, and P leaching from a coastal Oregon forest Andisol in two laboratory studies: a rapid batch extraction (approximately 1 d) and a month-long incubation using microlysimeters. In the rapid extractions, salt additions immediately mobilized significant amounts of ammonium and phosphate but not nitrate. In the month-long incubations, salt additions at concentrations in the range of coastal precipitation increased nitrate leaching from the microcosms by nearly 50% and reduced the mobility of dissolved organic carbon. Our findings suggest that coupled abiotic-biotic effects increase nitrate mobility in these soils: exchange of sodium for ammonium, then net nitrification. Changes in sea salt deposition to land and the interactions with coastal soils could alter the delivery of N and C to sensitive coastal waters. 相似文献
104.
Jana Moldanov Ida-Maja Hassellv Volker Matthias Erik Fridell Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen Erik Ytreberg Markus Quante Jenny Trltzsch Ilja Maljutenko Urmas Raudsepp K. Martin Eriksson 《Ambio》2022,51(3):754
Shipping is an important source of pollution affecting both atmospheric and aquatic environments. To allow for efficient mitigation of environmental degradation, it is essential to know the extent of the impacts of shipping in relation to other sources of pollution. Here, we give a perspective on a holistic approach to studies of the environmental impacts of operational shipping through presentation of an assessment framework developed and applied on a case of shipping in the Baltic Sea. Through transfer of knowledge and concepts, previously used in assessments of air pollution, now applied to assessments of marine pollution and underwater noise, the horizon of understanding of shipping-related impacts is significantly improved. It identifies the main areas of environmental degradation caused by shipping and potential improvements through legislation and technological development. However, as the vast majority of contaminants discharged into the sea are not routinely monitored and assessed, the links between pressure of contaminants from shipping and environmental state and impacts will not be caught in the current environmental regulatory frameworks. 相似文献
105.
Ivana Kališová-Špirochová Jana Punčochářová Zdeněk Kafka Martin Kubal Petr Soudek Tomáš Vaněk 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(3):269-276
The aim of the project is to study heavy metals accumulation by the selected plants in both laboratory and field conditions. Within the experiments the aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and corn (Zea mays) plants were studied. The reasons for this selection were: a fast growth of these plants, an accumulation capacity and an ability to survive in different types of soils. The study was carried out on the aspen plantlets grown in vitro. The plants were exposed to the aqueous solutions having concentrations 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM of Pb2+ or Ni2+, respectively. The accumulation capacityfor aspen, was about 70% of Pb2+ originally present in the solution. The starting concentration of Pb2+ (0.5 mM) exhibited no negative impact on the growth. Besides in vitro expositions, a pilot-scale phytoremediation experiment was carried out at the polluted industrial area (Zn – 75000 mg/kg), (Pb – 16000 mg/kg), (Cr – 590 mg/kg), (Cd – 90 mg/kg) and (Cu – 1700 mg/kg). 相似文献
106.
Natasha A. Lloyd Laura M. Keating Alyssa J. Friesen Dylan M. Cole Jana M. McPherson H. Resit Akçakaya Axel Moehrenschlager 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14051
Over 1 million species around the world are at risk of extinction, and conservation organizations have to decide where to invest their limited resources. Cost-effectiveness can be increased by leveraging funding opportunities and increasing collaborative partnerships to achieve shared conservation goals. We devised a structured decision-making framework to prioritize species’ conservation programs based on a cost–benefit analysis that takes collaborative opportunities into account in an examination of national and global conservation return on investment. Conservation benefit is determined by modifying the novel International Union for the Conservation of Nature Green Status for Species to provide an efficient, high-level measure that is comparable among species, even with limited information and time constraints. We applied this prioritization approach to the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, Canada, a nonprofit organization seeking to increase the number of species it assists with conservation translocations. We sought to identify and prioritize additional species’ programs for which conservation translocation expertise and actions could make the most impact. Estimating the likelihood of cost-sharing potential enabled total program cost to be distinguished from costs specific to the organization. Comparing a benefit-to-cost ratio on different geographic scales allowed decision makers to weigh alternative options for investing in new species’ programs in a transparent and effective manner. Our innovative analysis aligns with general conservation planning frameworks and can be adapted for any organization. 相似文献
107.
Oksana Velgosová Jana Kaduková Renáta Marcinčáková Pavol Palfy Jarmila Trpčevská 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(2):456-461
The paper is concerned with biohydrometallurgical methods of cadmium recovery from spent Ni–Cd batteries. Cd leaching efficiency from electrode material in different media (H2SO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 solutions), at different Fe(III) concentrations and using the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were investigated. The main aim of this study was to understand which from the bioleaching products (sulphuric acid or ferric sulphate) play a main role in the bioleaching process of Cd recovery. The influence of Fe ions on Cd leachability was confirmed. The best leaching efficiency of Cd (100%) was reached by bioleaching and also by leaching in Fe2(SO4)3 solution. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed that no cadmium was present in solid residuum obtained after the Cd bioleaching as well as Cd leaching using solely ferric iron. The use of H2SO4 solution resulted in the lowest efficiency of Cd leachability, the presence of hydroxides in electrode materials caused neutralization of the leaching solution and inhibition of Cd leaching. 相似文献
108.
Sonbrevea Javoreková Ivana Svrcbreveeková Jana Maková 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):702-709
The effects of pesticides (a herbicide and a fungicide) on the microbial community structure and their activity were analyzed in soil from four alpine pasture grasslands in Slovakia. Specifically, the effects of the herbicide, Gesagard (prometryn active ingredient), and fungicide, Fundazol 50 WP (benomyl active ingredient), on the microbial respiration activity (CO2 production), the numbers of selective microbial physiological groups (CFU.g?1) and the structure (relative abundance) of soil microbial communities [(phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA)] were analyzed under controlled laboratory conditions. All treatments including the treatments with pesticides increased (statistically significantly) the production of CO2 in all fields during 21 days of incubation and posed a statistically insignificant negative influence on the numbers of the observed physiological groups of microorganisms. The significantly negative influence was evaluated only in the numbers of two physiological groups; spores of bacteria utilizing organic nitrogen and bacteria, and their spores utilizing inorganic nitrogen. A shift in the microbial composition was evident when the PLFA patterns of samples from different sites and treatments were compared by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). According to the second component PCA 2 (15.95 %) the locations were grouped into two clusters. The first one involved the Donovaly and Dubakovo sites and the second one contained the Velka Fatra and Mala Fatra locations. The PLFA composition of the soils showed important changes after the treatment with pesticides according to PCA 1 (66.06 %). Other treatments had not had a significant effect on the soil microbial community with the exception of the population of fungi. The lower relative abundance (significant effect) of Gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes and general group of bacteria were determined in samples treated by the herbicide Gesagard. The application of fungicide Fundazol decreased (statistically significantly) the relative abundance of actinomycetes and general group of bacteria and paradoxically increased the population of fungi. 相似文献
109.
This research examined the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior helping norms in teams, specifically with regard to how members' personality, values, beliefs, and helping behavior predict the emergence of helping norms in newly formed project teams. We drew from theory on emergent phenomena and team composition research to propose and test a compilation model of how helping norms are influenced by having at least one member with particularly low (minimum) or high (maximum) levels of attributes that may influence helping‐norm development (i.e., conscientiousness, agreeableness, other‐oriented values, personal helping beliefs). We further examined the extent to which members' helping behaviors, as rated by peers, predicted helping norms and whether these behaviors mediated the relationship between individual attributes and helping norms. The results of a longitudinal study of 47 student project teams revealed that teams' minimums on agreeableness, other‐oriented values, and personal helping beliefs had direct relationships with helping‐norm emergence, and the effects of agreeableness were mediated through mean helping behavior. By contrast, teams' maximums on these attributes showed no relationships with helping norms, and only a team maximum on agreeableness was associated with teams' mean helping behavior. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Using six different doses of peptone (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.50 gl-1) and nine different periods of inclubation (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days), the rates of ammonification potential (AP) were monitored in three tropical ponds of differetn ecological status, during winter and summer periods. During the winter, the AP (ammonifying bacteria) exhibited peaks on day 4 of incubation in all the test doses of peptone in all the three ponds, except in the lowest dose in eutrophic and chemically polluted pond where the peaks preceded by a day. the responses of AP to the lowest doses of substrate did not differ between summer and winter, while the AP-peaks at higher doses were delayed by 2 days in summer. the concentrations of nitrate in vitro were the inverse and direct functions of the AP and dissolved oxygen of water. at moderate dose (0.75 gl-1) of peptone, both AP and dissolved oxygen at higher doses, and by AP at the lowest dose of peptone. 相似文献