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761.
Anguilla anguilla L. ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) elevation by 2.7 microM beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) 3 days water exposure, or 4 mg/kg ip exposure, was studied in four different organs--liver, kidney, gills, and intestine. The results demonstrated a significant increase in liver EROD activity for the two previous conditions, whereas kidney EROD activity only increased during the intraperitoneal exposure. A. anguilla was also exposed during 8, 16, and 24 h to water contaminated with 2.7 microM BNF or benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Both compounds significantly increased liver EROD activity from 8 up to 24 h. There was no significant difference in liver EROD activity elevation by both compounds, either at 20 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Liver EROD activity was demonstrated to be one of the first warning systems concerning the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water. A. anguilla 3 h exposure to diesel oil water-soluble fraction (DWSF) significantly increased plasma cortisol and significantly decreased plasma lactate. A prolonged exposure beyond 3 h, i.e. 4 h, 2, 3, 4, and 6 days to the previous conditions demonstrated a significant liver EROD activity elevation from Day 2 up to 6, and a significant increase in erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) at Day 6. 相似文献
762.
We explore the reaction of two resource dependent communities, west Texas ranchers and Gulf Coast oyster fishers, to scientific resource management. We examine the criteria these two social groups use to judge scientific claims, and by extension, scientific resource management. Although scientists rely on factors internal to the scientific enterprise (e.g., methodological rigor), natural resource dependent communities such as ranchers and fishers may rely on factors external to the scientific process. Such factors include the historical relationship the community has had with the managing agency, the extent to which scientific explanations match local experience, the conceptual fit between managers' and communities' views of the appropriate relationship between humans and nature, and the resources available to the community to argue against regulation. We conclude that (1) agencies should explore the possibility of including the experiential knowledge of natural resource users where applicable and (2) agencies should recognize that communication skills can be as important as scientific skills in reaching management goals. 相似文献
763.
Diana F. Tomback Jane Kees Clary James Koehler Raymond J. Hoff Stephen F. Arno 《Conservation biology》1995,9(3):654-664
In the northern Rocky Mountains, whitebark pine ( Pinus albicaulis ) is rapidly declining as a result of previous fire exclusion policies, mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ) outbreaks, and white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ). Blister rust is potentially the most destructive agent, killing seedlings, cone-bearing branches, and, eventually, mature trees. We examined densities of whitebark pine regeneration and the incidence and severity of blister-rust infection of seedlings and saplings in the 25-year-old Sundance Burn in the Selkirk Range of northern Idaho, an area heavily infected by blister rust. We found that the mean regeneration density of whitebark pine was significantly lower than that of two other comparably aged burns in western Montana. The low density was attributed to the severe damage to the seed source on the burn perimeter, resulting from previous infestation of mountain pine beetle and blister rust. Overall, 29% of the whitebark pine regeneration in the Sundance Burn was infected by blister rust. Age and height of seedlings were important predictors of incidence of infection, and height was the most important predictor of severity of infection. Thus, as seedlings grow larger, they present a bigger target to airborne blister-rust spores. Because of the lack of seed production in the adjacent forest and expected mortality, regeneration of whitebark pine in the Sundance Burn will be slow. In areas of northern Idaho and northwestern Montana affected by blister rust and pine beetle, prescribed fires for managing whitebark pine ecosystems should be restricted to small areas or should require plantings of rust-resistant seedlings. 相似文献
764.
This study examined the relationships between four standardized measures of spatial ability—the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), the Differential Aptitude Spatial Relations subtest (DAT), and the Building Memory Test (BMT)—and two measures of environmental knowledge. Three hundred and fifty-three college undergraduates were administered the EFT, MRT, DAT, BMT and two measures of environmental knowledge-a landmark location (LM) and route knowledge (RK) task. The two environmental knowledge tasks were based on a slide-simulated walk through an unfamiliar urban environment. A principal components analysis of the above six measures produced two factors; one consisting of the four spatial ability tests, and the other the two environmental knowledge tasks. The correlation between the two factors was 0·37, indicating that the spatial ability factor accounted for 13·69% of the variance in the environmental knowledge factor. 相似文献
765.
Despite a recent emphasis on ‘evidence based policy’ accompanied by an abundance of ‘green’ policy instruments, experience from the European Union and OECD countries shows that decisions which truly aim to balance environmental considerations with social and economic ones remain thin on the ground. Moreover, many policies seem to fall short of, or directly contradict what the available ‘evidence’ suggests is required. This is a synthesis paper bringing together literature from the fields of political science, geography, sociology and science and technology studies to outline some of the obscurities relating to the use of scientific evidence in environmental decision-making. In this paper, we suggest that an exploration of three key inter-related issues is necessary to develop a richer understanding of why evidence and policy interact as they do. These are the nature of evidence itself; the normative, moral or ethical ‘politics’ of policy-making; and the operation of power in the policy process. Our primary goal is to bring various literatures together to better conceptualise the evidence–policy relationship. In so doing, we outline specific challenges for knowledge producers who set research priorities, and design and direct research projects. We also highlight significant implications for policy decision-making processes. 相似文献
766.
767.
dos Santos Debora Regina Lopes Silva-Sales Marcelle Fumian Tulio Machado Maranhão Adriana Gonçalves Malta Fábio Correia Ferreira Fernando César Pimenta Marcia Maria Miagostovich Marize Pereira 《Food and environmental virology》2023,15(1):21-31
Food and Environmental Virology - This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine... 相似文献
768.
Understanding stewardship behaviour: factors facilitating and constraining private water well stewardship 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kreutzwiser R de Loë R Imgrund K Conboy MJ Simpson H Plummer R 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(4):1104-1114
Regulatory frameworks to ensure municipal drinking water safety exist in most North American jurisdictions. However, similar protection is rarely provided to people reliant on water provided from private wells. In Canada, approximately 4 million people depend on privately owned, domestic wells for their drinking water. Numerous studies have shown that people who rely on private wells for their water supplies are at risk from nitrate and bacterial contamination. Given the fact that regulations relating to private wells tend to be weak or poorly enforced, actions taken by well owners to protect their own drinking water safety are extremely important. Drawing on one of the largest and most comprehensive surveys of private well owners ever conducted in Canada or elsewhere, this paper explores factors that influence well owner stewardship behaviour. Key behaviours examined included annual testing of well water and inspection of wells, measures to protect water quality, and proper decommissioning of unused wells. A geographically-stratified survey, sent to 4950 well owners in Ontario, Canada, resulted in an effective response rate of 34% (n = 1567). Logistic regression analyses revealed that motivations for well stewardship behaviours included reassurance, the perception of problems, and knowledge of the environment. Knowing how to perform stewardship behaviours was an important antecedent to action. Barriers to stewardship included complacency, inconvenience, ignorance, cost, and privacy concerns. To promote stewardship, local initiatives, better educational materials, and enforcement through real estate laws are all required. Ultimately, drinking water safety for people reliant on private wells is shown to be a responsibility shared by governments and private well owners. 相似文献
769.
de Medeiros PM de Almeida AL da Silva TC de Albuquerque UP 《Environmental management》2011,47(3):410-424
Wood resources are often used to support the needs of the local population. In order to protect biodiversity and resources,
conservation strategies need to consider what types of wood use have the strongest impacts on forested areas. This study aimed
to identify the use categories that put higher pressure on an Atlantic forest region located in the municipality of Igarassu
in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. To conduct the study, we measured the volume of all wood products in 62 surveyed residences
and registered the average replacement time for such products. The fuelwood category was most important locally and accounted
for 92% of annual wood consumption. However, the construction category harvests more destructively and concentrates on the
consumption of a few wood species. Therefore we recommend the fuelwood category to be the main focus of conservation effforts.
In addition, the most important species for construction purposes (e.g., Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. and Pogonophora schomburgkiana Miers ex Benth) should also be considered as a priority for conservation. 相似文献
770.