Toxicity of fungicides with different modes of action to Cladobotryum dendroides and Agaricus bisporus

Isolates of Cladobotryum dendroides from Serbian mushroom farms and Agaricus bisporus F56 were tested for sensitivity to selected fungicides in vitro. Chlorothalonil was the most toxic fungicide to C. dendroides isolates (EC₅₀ values were below 1.68 mg L^{? 1}). Trifloxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl were not effective in growth inhibition of C. dendroides isolates (EC₅₀ values exceeded 300 mg L^{? 1}). Metalaxyl-M+mancozeb was the most toxic fungicide to strain F56 of A. bisporus, and iprodione the least toxic. The fungicide selectivity indexes for both C. dendroides and A. bisporus indicated that iprodione, chlorothalonil, captan and metalaxyl-M+mancozeb had satisfactory selective fungitoxicity. Iprodione had the best selectivity to both the pathogen and the host, although inferior than prochloraz manganese and carbendazim, fungicides officially recommended for mushroom cultivation in European Union (EU) countries.     

Prioritisation of organic contaminants in a river basin using chemical analyses and bioassays

Region-specific contaminant prioritisation is an important prerequisite for sustainable and cost-effective monitoring due to the high number of different contaminants that may be present. Surface water and sediment samples from the Sava River, Croatia, were collected at four locations covering a 150-km-long river section characterised by well-defined pollution gradients. Analysis of contaminant profiles along the pollution gradients was performed by combining toxicity screening using a battery of small-scale or in vitro bioassays, which covered different modes of action, with detailed chemical characterisation based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). A large number of contaminants, belonging to different toxicant classes, were identified in both analysed matrices. Analyses of water samples showed that contaminants having polar character occurred in the highest concentrations, while in sediments, contributions from both non-polar and amphiphilic contaminants should be taken into account. Estimated contributions of individual contaminant classes to the overall toxicity indicated that, besides the classical pollutants, a number of emerging contaminants, including surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and plasticizers, should be taken into consideration in future monitoring activities. This work demonstrates the importance of the integrated chemical and bioanalytical approach for a systematic region-specific pollutant prioritisation. Finally, the results presented in this study confirm that hazard assessment in complex environmental matrices should be directed towards identification of key pollutants, rather than focusing on a priori selected contaminants alone.     

Assessment of Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Belgrade Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

This study aimed at assessing atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and other elements using the moss genera Brachythecium sp. (B. rutabulum and B. salebrosum) and Eurhynchium sp. (E. hians and E. striatum) collected in autumn 2004 in the urban area of Belgrade. The concentrations of 36 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, Th, U) were determined in moss and local topsoil samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The concentration of elements in moss positively correlated to those obtained for topsoil. High enrichment factors for As, Zn, Mo, Br, Sb, Se, Hg and Cl, calculated to continental crust composition, gave an evidence for anthropogenic impact on urban area, mainly due to intensive vehicular traffic and fossil fuel combustion. The concentration of elements in moss, characteristic for fossil fuel combustion, obtained in this study were substantially lower than in the previous investigation (2000) conducted in the area of Belgrade. The level of concentrations for V, Cr, Ni, and As in moss from this study correlated to those measured for neighboring countries, and were several times higher than the base-level data from low polluted areas. The level of accumulated elements in both investigated moss genera were similar and all studied species could be combined for biomonitoring purposes in urban areas.     

Implementation of Neural Networks for Classification of Moss and Lichen Samples on the Basis of Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Analysis

Mosses and lichens have an important role in biomonitoring. The objective of this study is to develop a neural network model to classify these plants according to geographical origin. A three-layer feed-forward neural network was used. The activities of radionuclides ((226)Ra, (238)U, (235)U, (40)K, (232)Th, (134)Cs, (137)Cs and (7)Be) detected in plant samples by gamma-ray spectrometry were used as inputs for neural network. Five different training algorithms with different number of samples in training sets were tested and compared, in order to find the one with the minimum root mean square error. The best predictive power for the classification of plants from 12 regions was achieved using a network with 5 hidden layer nodes and 3,000 training epochs, using the online back-propagation randomized training algorithm. Implementation of this model to experimental data resulted in satisfactory classification of moss and lichen samples in terms of their geographical origin. The average classification rate obtained in this study was (90.7 +/- 4.8)%.     

Shipboard Measurements of Nitrogen Dioxide,Nitrous Acid,Nitric Acid and Ozone in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Measurements of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous and nitric acids as well as ozone were made using newly developed instrumentation onboard the research vessel Aegeon in the Aegean Sea between 25th–29th July 2000. Typical nitrogen dioxide concentrations observed aboard the boat were 4–6 ppb (v/v) with a broad maximum of 20–30 ppb (v/v). Ozone concentrations typically ranged between 40 and 80 ppb (v/v). Mixing ratios of both nitric and nitrous acids in the ambient air of the Aegean Sea were mainly below 50 ppt (v/v). The data also showed a number of short pollution episodes with rapid changes in the concentration of reactive nitrogen compounds [nitrogen dioxide maximum up to 164 ppb (v/v), nitric acid maximum up to 12 ppb (v/v), nitrous acid maximum up to 2.7 ppb (v/v)] and ozone [maximum up to 88 ppb (v/v)]. These episodes were correlated with pollution plumes originating from boats upwind, at short distance, from the R/V Aegeon. The measurements revealed the importance of nitrous and nitric acids for the transport of nitrogen to marine biota in busy ship lanes.     

基于HJＧ１B数据的武汉市LST反演及热环境分析

以HJ 1B CCD/IRS4为主要数据源,采用单窗算法,反演了武汉市夏季高温代表日的地表温度,并用MODIS地表温度产品对反演结果进行了验证。在此基础上,提取热场变异复合指数来分析城市热岛空间分布特征,给出了城市热岛效应的定量化描述,并就不同下垫面对热岛效应的影响进行了研究。结果如下：（1）武汉城市热岛呈现整体上交错分布而局部小聚集的不规则特点,大热岛之中存在一些温度更高的小热岛;（2）武汉市2009~2012年夏季高温日平均LST为30611 K,多数城区温度达到309～317 K;（3）主城区热场变异复合指数均超过了0015,表现为较强－极强的热岛效应;6个等级的热岛效应强度的面积比例依次下降,而对应的LST平均值则逐渐升高;(4)不同地表覆盖类型LST相差较大,其在地表类型面积构成中的比例不同。研究成果可为城市热环境监测与生态评价提供科学依据     

围垦堤防探地雷达法检测仿真分析与应用

为精准判断围垦堤防架空隐患的位置和范围,结合探地雷达检测技术的优点,基于时域有限差分法(FDTD),对探地雷达电磁波的传播特征进行数值模拟分析。主要研究时域有限差分法的差分形式、二维空间内的时域差分方程、数值稳定性及吸收边界条件的设定等问题。对围垦堤防可能存在的几种隐患形式进行正演模拟,通过分析雷达电磁波幅值变化,讨论其相应的剖面图像特征,并通过开展室内模拟试验和现场检测工作研究对正演模拟结论进行验证。研究结果表明：正演模拟可实现探地雷达典型形状目标的识别,为提高现场检测图像解释的精度和准确性提供理论参考。     

基于改进K-means和CNN的储罐罐底点蚀诊断模型

为解决储罐罐底点蚀问题,提出基于改进K-means和CNN的储罐罐底点蚀诊断模型,在传统聚类基础上引入肘部法则,保证k值选取3的准确性,将原始声发射信号特征参数和聚类后的类别信息输入模型进行训练,系统预测准确率高达99%。研究结果表明：该模型能够及时发现点蚀现象,指导管理者确定储罐开罐检查时间顺序,避免点蚀穿孔造成的人力、物力损失,降低储罐运行风险,保障储罐运行安全,研究结果可为罐底点蚀诊断提供技术支撑。     

露天矿地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统研究*

为避免露天矿地质灾害对矿山及周边城市安全带来严重影响,提升灾害发生后的应急响应速度,以抚顺西露天矿为背景,提出西露天矿地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统的设计思路,按照“统分结合、集中管理”的模式,构建救援力量装备库、地理数据库、地质灾害链数据库,设计御灾保障体系模块及应急救援调度模块,研发地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统。研究结果表明:构建高效率的地质灾害应急救援智能调度系统具有重要的意义,可为我国露天矿山安全及防灾减灾体系建设提供实用工具。