稀有鮈鲫作为水生模式生物的研究及探讨

我国本土水生生物稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu,1983年)是一种优良的试验用鱼,具备成为模式生物必要条件。本文总结了稀有鮈鲫生物生态学研究情况,分析了稀有鮈鲫在多个应用领域与模式生物斑马鱼、青鳉存在的不足和差距,同时借鉴发达国家推动模式生物的实践经验,提出了针对性建议。     

农药环境风险评估中常用的计算毒理学模型软件

农药的大量使用为我国带来了严重的环境和健康问题,仅依靠传统生物测试和环境监测的方法已经不能满足农药风险评估的需要。利用计算毒理学模型,可以实现农药的高通量风险评估。本文主要介绍了农药环境风险评估中常用免费的EPI Suite、QSAR Toolbox和PBT Profiler等定量结构-活性关系(Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship,QSAR)模型软件和SCIGROW、PRZM-GW、China-PEARL和EQC等环境多介质模型软件,以期能为农药的风险评估和科学管理提供参考。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed in the Lithuanian market

Foods and feeds were analyzed during the period of 2007–2014 employing validated and accredited methods based on gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sampling has been carried out in-line with national monitoring programs as well as during import controls into Lithuania. Food samples such as eggs, milk, beef, pork, poultry, fats of plant and animal origin, fish, cod liver, and feed samples such as premixes, feeds of plant origin, compound feed, mineral feed, vegetable oil, and fish meals were analyzed. Most of the samples exhibited concentrations below maximum limits, except cod liver. Health impacts were assessed in respect to human daily intakes. Data between groups are compared.     

我国典型钢铁行业主要工艺环节排放颗粒物源成分谱特征

鉴于我国钢铁行业排放颗粒物源成分谱数量不足,有待更新的现状,致力于服务精细化颗粒物源解析的需求,采用稀释通道系统对武汉市某钢铁公司的3个主要工艺环节(烧结、炼钢、炼铁)排放源进行了采样.构建了3类PM_(2.5)源成分谱及3类PM_(10)成分谱,对源谱主要化学组分特征进行了研究,并与国内其他区域已有的钢铁行业源谱研究进行了对比.结果表明:(1)烧结工艺源成分谱中,SO_4~(2-)、Al和NH_4~+等含量高,PM_(2.5)源谱中质量分数依次为22. 2%、4. 5%和3. 5%,PM_(10)源谱中依次为36. 0%、5. 2%和2. 7%,炼铁工艺Fe元素含量最高,在PM_(2.5)源谱和PM_(10)源谱中分别达到28. 3%和24. 5%,炼钢工艺源谱Ca、Fe元素等为主要组分;(2)元素组分中,烧结工艺S元素含量最高,地壳元素在PM_(10)源谱中含量更高,炼铁工艺Pb、Cr等重金属含量偏高,炼钢工艺Cr富集;(3)源谱之间分歧系数的计算显示,同类工艺粗细粒径源谱相似性偏高,烧结工艺与其他两类工艺源谱之间差异性较高,炼钢工艺与炼铁工艺差异性较低.同国内其他区域研究源谱相比,发现Fe、Si和Ca等为钢铁行业排放颗粒物中标识性组分,而碳组分和SO_4~(2-)等组分特征随生产方式、除污设备等不同表现出不同特征.     

天津地区大气污染状况和气溶胶硫酸盐的研究

我们于1980—1981年对天津市大气污染物浓度做了同步监测,对天津市大气污染状况,二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的过程及其对大气能见度的影响做了研究。以超C_i几率和的方法处理数据,研究结果表明,大气污染以早晨最严重,傍晚次之,中午较轻:冬季比夏季污染严重。各种污染物中以硫酸盐对大气能见度的影响最大,总颗粒物次之。当大气相对湿度大于70%时,对大气能见度的影响比较突出。颗粒物中的苯溶物对大气能见度有一定的影响。城市中相对湿度高时硫酸盐浓度大,可能是产生冬季烟雾事件的原因。下风方向的硫酸根浓度与二氧化硫浓度的比值和硫酸根含硫浓度与大气总硫浓度的比值均比上风方向相应的数值高,说明城市燃煤烟气是硫酸盐的来源。城市中硫酸根浓度与二氧化硫浓度的相关系数为0.77,硫酸根与颗粒物浓度的相关系数为0.95。在形成硫酸根的过程中二氧化硫浓度和颗粒物可能有贡献。以一维有源简化模式估算二氧化硫转化为硫酸根的速率常数,约为2.3±1.1%/hr,冬季约1.5%/hr。二氧化硫的迁移距离约为17—340km。     

电化学原位产生H2O2的影响因素分析及数学建模

以Pt为阳极,石墨碳棒为阴极,Na2SO4为支持电解质,实验探讨了电化学原位产生H2O2的规律.通过正交试验,确定阴极溶液初始pH值、电流密度CD、通氧流量Q和支持电解质浓度CNa2SO4等主要参数对H2O2产生量的影响,并提出最佳参数组合:pH=2.00,CD=1.02mA·cm-2,Q=0.4L·min-1,CNa2SO4=0.1 mol·L-1,极间距D=6cm.采用二次多项式逐步回归和BP神经元网络2种方法,建立了这些参数对于H2O2产生量的预测模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,2种方法在一定参数条件下都可预测阴极区溶液中H2O2浓度,BP神经元网络法预测的准确度好于二次多项式逐步回归方法,且更适合于在线控制.     

长江河口硅和磷生源要素质量浓度的变化特征

根据近年来长江河口区域内大通水文站的记录和近期在长江入海河口区上海段多个采样点的生源要素质量浓度实测数据,比较水中可溶性硅酸盐和磷酸盐的质量浓度,分析在长江入海河口区水中硅和磷元素含量的主要变化特征.结果表明,长江水中的硅酸盐和磷酸盐从长江入海河口进入大海的过程中,其质量浓度有降低的趋势,它们在长江入海河口的多年的质量浓度变化趋势是相反的.长江入海河口区域上游的磷酸盐质量浓度升高幅度较大,而硅酸盐变化不大,硅酸盐、磷酸盐质量浓度在长江河口区进入海洋的过程中迅速降低.      

分光光度法测定中药板蓝根中砷含量的方法探讨

对中药材板蓝根中砷含量测定的方法进行探讨。样品经HNO3-H2SO4消解，分光光度法测定回收率，并用该方法对来自不同产地板蓝根中砷的含量进行了测定。结果表明：砷的含量在0-25μg范围与吸光度呈良好的线性关系，r=0.9997,回收率平均值为95.0％。各地区板蓝根中砷的含量参考相关国家标准均未超标。     

Assessing soil and groundwater contamination in a metropolitan redevelopment project

The purpose of this study was to assess contaminated soil and groundwater for the urban redevelopment of a rapid transit railway and a new mega-shopping area. Contaminated soil and groundwater may interfere with the progress of this project, and residents and shoppers may be exposed to human health risks. The study area has been remediated after application of first remediation technologies. Of the entire area, several sites were still contaminated by waste materials and petroleum. For zinc (Zn) contamination, high Zn concentrations were detected because waste materials were disposed in the entire area. For petroleum contamination, high total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and hydrocarbon degrading microbe concentrations were observed at the depth of 7 m because the underground petroleum storage tank had previously been located at this site. Correlation results suggest that TPH (soil) concentration is still related with TPH (groundwater) concentration. The relationship is taken into account in the Spearman coefficient (α).     

The responses of the hepatosomatic index (HSI), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) caged at a polluted site: implications for their use in environmental risk assessment

The present study investigates the response of three hepatic biomarkers in adult sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) caged at a wastewater outlet of an oil refinery with fish caged at a pristine site used as controls. The biomarkers that were investigated were the hepatosomatic index (HSI), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. In addition, we have measured the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and selected heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc) in sediment samples at the polluted site. Although the polluted site had high environmental levels of PAHs and heavy metals, there was no difference in hepatic EROD activity and HSI between fish caged at the polluted site and controls. On the other hand, GST activity was significantly lower in fish caged at the polluted site compared to controls. Our results point out that the studied biomarkers have limited use in environmental risk assessment studies, at least when caged adult sea bass is used as the sentinel species and complex toxicant mixtures are involved.