磷酸根和镉离子在羟基铁改性膨润土表面的协同吸附机制研究

聚合羟基金属-粘土矿物复合物广泛存在于自然环境中,对重金属阳离子和含氧酸根阴离子均有很好的吸附能力,因此对这些化合物的环境迁移过程及污染控制具有重要影响.研究采用FeCl₃和Na₂CO₃共同改性膨润土,制备了羟基铁－膨润土复合物（HyFe-Bent）.XRD和孔结构分析结果发现,HyFe-Bent的d₀₀₁由原土的1.52 nm增加到1.81 nm,比表面积由原土的52.2 m²·g^-1增大到108.4 m²·g^-1.将HyFe-Bent用于同时吸附水中磷酸根（P）和镉离子（Cd）,结果表明,在实验条件下P和Cd在HyFe-Bent上表现出明显的协同吸附效应,溶液pH升高可促进Cd的吸附但降低P的吸附.此外研究了P和Cd吸附次序对它们吸附性能的影响：在先吸附P的体系中两种物质的吸附性能与同时吸附体系相当,而在先吸附Cd的体系中吸附性能则明显低于同时吸附体系.由此提出P和Cd协同吸附的原理是多种吸附机制共存：除了配体交换和离子交换作用,它们在HyFe-Bent表面还发生了表面沉淀作用,可能形成了Fe-P-Cd三元络合产物.论文研究结果可为了解重金属和含氧酸根复合体系的环境行为及污染控制提供新信息.     

电子供体对地下水中高氯酸盐生物去除的影响研究

通过静态实验,考察了电子供体类型及用量对厌氧条件下微生物去除地下水中高氯酸盐的影响.结果表明,电子供体醋酸盐和H₂的加入,可以明显提高ClO₄^-的去除率,驯化后的微生物去除ClO₄^-的速率比未加入电子供体时提高约1.4~3倍.Monod动态模型能很好地拟合两种电子供体环境下ClO₄^-的微生物去除过程,分别以醋酸盐和H₂作为电子供体时,基质半饱和常数K_s为12.6 mg·L^-1和2.2 mg·L^-1,最大比基质消耗速率V_m为0.45 d^-1和0.08 d^-1.动力学参数表明,本实验条件下,异养型混合菌去除ClO₄^-的效果明显优于自养型混合菌;在少数受高浓度ClO₄^-污染的地下水环境中,为了提高ClO₄^-的去除速率只有通过增加菌体浓度或提高微生物酶的活性来实现.随着电子供体醋酸盐用量增加,ClO₄^-的(比)消耗速率逐渐增大.当初始CH₃COO^-与ClO₄^-的比例为3.80 mg(COD)/mg(ClO₄^-)时,比消耗速率v最大(0.27 d^-1).     

Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The effects of different outer diameters and surface oxygen contents on the adsorption of heavy metals onto six types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in an aqueous solution and lead was chosen as a model metal ion. The results indicated that the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of lead remarkably increased with decreasing outer diameter due to larger specific surface area (SSA). The SSA-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (qm /SSA) and SSA-normalized adsorption coefficient (Kd /SSA) were strongly positively correlated with surface oxygen content, implying that lead adsorption onto MWCNTs significantly increases with the rise of oxygen content and decreases with decreasing SSA. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of lead on MWCNTs was endothermic and spontaneous. When the oxygen content of MWCNTs increased from 2.0% to 5.9%, the standard free energy (△ G0 ) became more negative, which implied that the oxygenated functional groups increased the adsorption affinity of MWCNTs for lead. Through calculation of enthalpy (△ H0 ), G0 and free energy of adsorption (Ea ), lead adsorption onto MWCNTs was recognized as a chemisorption process. The chemical interaction between lead and the phenolic groups of MWCNTs could be one of the main adsorption mechanisms due to highly positive correlations between the phenolic groups and K d /SSA or q m /SSA.     

水解酸化工艺的研究现状与发展趋势

水解酸化工艺对各类有机物的去除率较高,可处理高浓度、难降解废水,运行费用低,在处理纺织印染、化工、造纸废水等领域发挥了重要作用。目前研究主要集中在处理复杂污染物、工艺参数优化、机理及动力学。其发展趋势大致有:与其他工艺结合,深入研究降解机理、探索微生物菌群等。     

悬浮膜(CFM)分离技术在油田废水处理中的应用

应用微电解等技术对油田废水进行预处理,然后用悬浮膜进行分离,使其中的油、微生物和固体物与水相分离,使其达到回注用水要求。重点对CFM分离设备的结构及原理加以介绍,以期推进过滤技术的进步,提高油田废水的处理水平。     

Allelopathic effects of gallic acid from Aegiceras corniculatum on Cyclotella caspia

High abundance of algae and eutrophication were observed in mangrove wetlands and these were estimated to be associated with root exudates of some specific mangrove plants to a certain extent.Root exudates form allelopathic effects from mangroves.The main secondary metabolites of Aegiceras corniculatum had been detected to be organic phenolic acids.Gallic acid had been isolated and identified from A.corniculatum.The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of gallic acid on alge Cyclotella caspia was tested as 15.46mg/L.The effects on algal cell morphology were mainly shown as elongated cells,with no apparent cell inclusions,such as oil droplets,chloroplast.At a dose of 2mg/L,gallic acid had a stimulative effect on the specific growth rate of algae on day 3.The contents of malondialdehyde,superoxide dismutase,soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll a in algal cells showed an overall "low promotion and high suppression".Our results could provide preliminary and valuable reference on the complex influences of mangroves on microecology and microbial communities in the rhizosphere system.     

Influences of perfluorooctanoic acid on the aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in the aqueous phase not only inhibits their extensive utilization in various aspects but also dominates their environmental fate and transport.The role of surfactants at low concentration in the aggregation of MWCNTs has been studied,however the effect of perfluorinated surfactants at low concentration is uncertain.To understand this interfacial phenomenon,the influences of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a control,on MWCNT aggregation in the aqueous phase were examined by the UV absorbency method.Influences of pH and cationic species on the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) value were evaluated.The CCC values were dependent on the concentration of PFOA,however a pronounced effect of SDS concentration on the CCC values was not observed.The CCC values of the MWCNTs were 51.6 mmol/L in NaCl and 0.28 mmol/L in CaCl 2 solutions,which suggested pronounced differences in the effects of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the aggregation of the MWCNTs.The presence of both PFOA and SDS significantly decreased the CCC values of the MWCNTs in NaCl solution.The aggregation of the MWCNTs took place under acidic conditions and was not notably altered under neutral and alkaline conditions due to the electrostatic repulsion of deprotonated functional groups on the surface of the MWCNTs.     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.     

过氧化氢与过硫酸钠去除有机污染物的进展

原位化学氧化在去除一些难以生物降解的污染物(如三氯乙烯)方面有着简单、快捷、彻底的优点,文章综述了2种环境友好的氧化剂过氧化氢和过硫酸钠在修复地下水污染的进展。主要从2方面进行文献的追溯跟踪,总结归纳:一方面是过氧化氢和过硫酸钠催化活化产生自由基的机理;另一方面是影响这2种氧化剂去除地下水氯代烃等有机污染的主要因素。最后提出了这2种氧化剂联合氧化的机理研究及应用上存在的问题和展望,为今后的研究工作提供了切入点和参考。     

环境风险评价综述及案例讨论

环境风险评价是目前我国环境保护工作发展的必然结果,是进行环境管理的重要依据。文章对环境风险评价的概念及分类、国内外研究进展、程序内容及技术方法进行了综述。文章根据《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》要求,结合湖北某制药建设项目,从风险识别、风险预测及评价、风险事故防范措施等方面论述了项目环境风险评价的基本概念及一般程序。分析了目前环境风险评价存在的问题,并据此初步提出今后环境风险评价的发展方向和建议。