Estimation of Contamination Sources of Human Enteroviruses in a Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System by PCR–DGGE

A polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) method was employed to estimate the contamination sources of human enteroviruses and understand how their dominant strains vary in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system consisting of sewage collection, wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactor and open lakes for reclaimed water storage and reuse. After PCR–DGGE using a selected primer set targeting enteroviruses, phylogenetic analysis of acquired enterovirus gene sequences was performed. Enteroviruses identified from the septic tank were much more diverse than those from grey water and kitchen wastewater. Several unique types of enterovirus different from those in wastewater samples were dominant in a biological wastewater treatment unit. Membrane filtration followed by chlorination was proved effective for physically eliminating enteroviruses; however, secondary contamination likely occurred as the reclaimed water was stored in artificial lakes. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) viral pathogen, was detected mainly from the artificial lakes, implying that wastewater effluent was not the contamination source of EV71 and that there were unidentified non-point sources of the contamination with the HFMD viral pathogen in the reclaimed water stored in the artificial lakes. The PCR–DGGE targeting enteroviruses provided robust evidence about viral contamination sources in the wastewater treatment and reclamation system.     

A review on completing arsenic biogeochemical cycle：Microbial volatilization of arsines in environment

Arsenic （As） is ubiquitous in the environment in the carcinogenic inorganic forms, posing risks to human health in many parts of the world. Many microorganisms have evolved a series of mechanisms to cope with inorganic arsenic in their growth media such as transforming As compounds into volatile derivatives. Bio-volatilization of As has been suggested to play an important role in global As biogeochemical cycling, and can also be explored as a potential method for arsenic bioremediation. This review aims to provide an overview of the quality and quantity of As volatilization by fungi, bacteria, microalga and protozoans. Arsenic bio-volatilization is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors that can be manipulated/elucidated for the purpose of As bioremediation. Since As bio- volatilization is a resurgent topic for both biogeochemistry and environmental health, our review serves as a concept paper for future research directions.     

中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险

为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.     

不同有机物料中的磷形态特征研究

采用DOU的磷形态分级方法,研究了猪粪沼渣(ZZ)、牛粪沼渣(NZ)、牛粪秸秆堆肥(NJD)、污泥堆肥(WD)、农村生活垃圾堆肥(NSLD)等7种有机物料中的磷形态及其比例.结果表明,有机物料中全磷及各形态总磷存在较大差异,以猪粪沼渣全磷含量最高,为23.59 g·kg-1,以牛粪沼渣全磷含量最低,仅3.61 g·kg-1.猪粪沼渣、牛粪沼渣、牛粪秸秆堆肥、污泥堆肥中各形态总磷(Pt)大小顺序为HCl-P残留态-PNa HCO3-PNa OH-PH2O-P,而3种农村生活垃圾堆肥中各形态磷含量则为HCl-P残留态-PH2O-PNa HCO3-PNa OH-P.7种有机物料中HCl提取态磷占回收全磷(Ptt)比例达47.75%~84.96%,表明有机物料中的大部分磷更容易被如HCl等强浸提剂提取,而这部分磷不易被植物吸收利用.各有机物料中磷以无机态磷为主,无机磷占全磷比例在53.18%~87.33%之间.各形态中的无机磷以Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷比例最高(79.72%~94.76%),且在回收全磷中主要分布于HCl提取态,各形态中的有机磷则主要分布于HCl-P和残留态-P.经堆腐后的牛粪秸秆堆肥各形态无机磷占全磷比例较牛粪沼渣均有所增加,表明好氧堆肥有助于有机物料中磷的矿化,提高有机物料中磷的有效性.     

HACH比色法测CODcr在污水批量检测中的应用研究

HACH比色法测CODcr虽有操作简单方便及良好准确性与重复性的优点,但在大批量检测中,检测影响因素还处于不可控状态,通过对样品存放条件、悬浮物、比色管的冷却温度、氯化物、质量控制等因素的实验,核实样品加入硫酸将pH调至〈2在4℃下冷藏保存更稳定、采集的水样应充分摇匀再取样,比色管须冷却至室温再检测等,明确在样品CODcr批量检测中各环节工作要求,以此建立更为完善的过程控制,进一步确保污水样品批量检测的准确性,实现CODcr检测业务的全面启动。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定地表水中钒的方法探讨

钒具有生物活性,是人体所必需的微量元素之一。天然水中钒的含量很低,浓度大约为1-10μg/L。钒作为第一类污染物,上海市污水综合排放标准中对含钒污水的排放限值为2．0mg／L。文章探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中钒的方法,具有灵敏度高、干扰少、重现性好、操作简便快捷、使用设备和试剂简单等优点。其方法检出限为0．002mg／L,RSD为1．4％,加标回收率在94．2％-103．0％,适用于地表水中痕量钒的测定。     

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)体内麻痹性贝毒室内降解研究

为了探讨麻痹性贝毒在紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)体内的降解情况,于2009年4月中旬在大连市大窑湾海域采集640只紫贻贝在实验室条件下进行人工解毒试验。结果表明:实验第0 d时紫贻贝闭壳肌中的麻痹性贝毒以neo-STX为主,占总毒素含量的96.59%;性腺中只检测到GTX1一种组分,含量为43.17μgSTXeq/100 g;而紫贻贝的内脏团中的麻痹性贝毒含量最高,为162.68μgSTXeq/100 g,组成成分也复杂,共检出7种组分;外套膜和鳃中未检测到任何形式的麻痹性贝毒组分。在降解试验过程中,紫贻贝闭壳肌内的麻痹性贝毒的含量变化较小,但出现GTX3新组分;内脏团中的麻痹性贝毒变化较复杂,降解速度较快,实验第30 d时,仅检出一种组分neo-STX,含量为48.37μgSTXeq/100 g,共降解70.98%;而性腺中的GTX1在实验第3 d以后再未检出。     

新型高效湿式脱硫除尘装置应用与改进

采用新型高效湿式脱硫除尘装置——螺旋式雾化脱硫除尘装置代替传统水沐式脱硫除尘装置,解决了某油田燃煤锅炉尾气中烟尘及SO2含量难以满足GB13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的问题。并在推广应用中不断摸索改进,引入钙-钠双碱法替代钠碱法,提出用锅炉废水替代清水加碱法方式,以废治废,有效节约成本的同时也大大减少了污水排放。     

土壤质量模糊综合评价权重确定方法探讨

文章采用主成分分析法确定土壤重金属环境质量评价权重,并对超标倍数法、双权重超标赋权法和主成分分析法3种方法进行比较。通过对贵阳市城市土壤中8种重金属污染物进行相关性分析,运用模糊综合评价法对其污染状况进行评价,并对不同权重值所做的评价进行比较。得出结论:主成分分析法从土壤中各重金属的联系出发,可以更好地反映重金属地相互关系;贵阳市城市土壤质量达到中国土壤环境质量标准二级标准,基本不会对植物和环境造成危害和污染。     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.