Anatomical localization and stereoisomeric composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> aggregation pheromones

We report that the abdominal epidermis and associated tissues are the predominant sources of male-produced pheromones in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and, for the first time, describe the stereoisomeric composition of the natural blend of isomers of the aggregation pheromone 4,8-dimethyldecanal (DMD) in this important pest species. Quantitative analyses via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that the average amount of DMD released daily by single feeding males of T. castaneum was 878 ± 72 ng (SE). Analysis of different body parts identified the abdominal epidermis as the major source of aggregation pheromone; the thorax was a minor source, while no DMD was detectable in the head. No internal organs or obvious male-specific glands were associated with pheromone deposition. Complete separation of all four stereoisomers of DMD was achieved following oxidation to the corresponding acid, derivatization with (1R, 2R)- and (1S, 2S)-2-(anthracene-2,3-dicarboximido)cyclohexanol to diastereomeric esters, and their separation on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at −54°C. Analysis of the hexane eluate from Porapak-Q-collected volatiles from feeding males revealed the presence of all four isomers (4R,8R)/(4R,8S)/(4S,8R)/(4S,8S) at a ratio of approximately 4:4:1:1. A walking orientation bioassay in a wind tunnel with various blends of the four synthetic isomers further indicated that the attractive potency of the reconstituted natural blend of 4:4:1:1 was equivalent to that of the natural pheromone and greater than that of the 1:1 blend of (4R,8R)/(4R,8S) used in commercial lures.     

Designing the sustainable product-service integration: a product-service blueprint approach

As a means for providing the sustainable production and consumption, the concept of product-service system (PSS) has received increasing attention. What is at the core in the PSS is the design, since it determines the distinctive characteristics and quality of PSS. Even though some tools have been suggested for PSS design, previous tools mainly focus on identifying the relationship between actors in a conceptual level. Despite the fact that it is significant and cannot be neglected, what is more important in a practical situation is to represent the detailed flow or relationship of PSS elements, with the consideration of products and services. In response, this paper proposes a ‘‘product-service blueprint’ which is a new and systematic way to elucidate the relationship between products and services, providing the implication of how PSS can provide the sustainable production and consumption. Employing the service blueprint as a starting point, new areas, lines, and symbols are introduced to represent the distinctive features of PSS. The proposed product-service blueprint represents the product use throughout the life cycle, service flow from the management to the customer, and the relationship between products and services. Taken together, the product-service blueprint will help both managers and researchers to promote the product-service integration under the concrete framework.     

西藏昌都地区土地利用结构熵值时序分析

研究土地利用结构的变化反映了区域发展和人类活动的强度,是研究区域发展结构的核心内容之一。区域土地利用结构的变化是区域土地利用演变的直接体现,信息熵可以作为土地利用结构有序性的一种度量。借助信息熵理论对藏东地区1992~2004年土地利用结构熵进行了计算与分析,分析结果表明：研究区土地利用结构熵2004年较1992年有所增加,但是增长幅度较小,与全国和西部地区土地利用信息熵水平相比,藏东地区土地利用系统结构熵值较低,有序度较高。土地利用结构变化和地方政策因素是导致昌都地区土地利用结构熵值变化的直接动因,经济发展、人口增长等对土地系统熵值的时序变化也存在影响。信息熵理论反映某区域系统宏观尺度上的土地利用结构特征,对区域土地利用结构的调整有一定的指导和借鉴意义。该理论在区域土地利用结构分析中的应用研究有待进一步深入。     

燃煤电厂烟气氮氧化物排放控制技术发展现状

在广泛查阅文献的基础上,对近年来国内外已成功应用和正在研究开发的一些主要的燃煤烟气氮氧化物控制技术进行了介绍。结合我国目前脱硝行业整体水平和国家环保政策要求,对我国脱硝行业技术研发方向提出了建议。     

高压脉冲电凝-Fenton-生化法处理制药废水

通过高压脉冲电凝-Fenton对制药废水进行预处理,出水进入UASB-AO生化处理系统.研究表明:高压脉冲电凝-Fenton氧化法的最佳工况条件为进水pH值为4.0左右,高压脉冲电凝反应时间为45 min,H2O2投加量为4mL/L,Fenton氧化时间为60min.高压脉冲电凝-Fenton对CODCr去除率为36.5%～39.2%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)从0.13提高到0.32-0.34,废水的可生化性大大提高,UASB厌氧反应器去除率为81.4%～82.1%,AO系统去除率为88.0%～88.5%,而整个生化处理系统对CODCr去除率为95.4%～97.9%,最终出水各项指标可达到GB 8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>中一级标准.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理青霉素废水研究

青霉素在其生产过中产生大量的废水,其COD值较高,生化性较差,成分复杂,微生物难以降解,其处理技术是世界性难题。文章采用以葡萄糖模拟废水培养的好氧颗粒污泥为接种体,经青霉素废水逐步驯化后,使其完全处理青霉素废水。实验结果表明,应用好氧颗粒污泥技术,处理青霉素废水,COD,NH3_N,TP去除率较高,具有很好的处理效果。     

有机改性膨润土在印染废水处理中的应用

膨润土是一种非常有用的非金属矿物原料,其有机改性得到的有机改性膨润土可以较好地去除印染废水中的有机污染物和色度。本文综述了有机改性膨润土的制备方法及其在印染废水处理中的应用现状。     

Debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron：Preparation, characterization and influence factors

An organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron material(M-NZVI) was synthesized to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209). The results showed that nanoscale zero-valent iron had good dispersion on organo-montmorillonite and was present as a core-shell structure with a particle size range of nanoscale iron between 30–90 nm, characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XRF, ICP-AES, and XPS. The results of the degradation of BDE-209 by M-NZVI showed that the efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 was much higher than that of NZVI. The efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 decreased as the pH and the initial dissolved oxygen content of the reaction solution increased, but increased as the proportion of water in the reaction solution increased.     

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium nanoparticles

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium （Pd） nanoparticles was studied for the first time. The effects of Pd loading, dye concentration and reuse repetitions of membranes were investigated. In reduction, the dye concentration decreased whereas the pH rose gradually. An optimal Pd loading was found. The catalytic membranes were able to be reused more than 3 times.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.