人工湿地污水处理系统中氧化亚氮的释放规律研究

利用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了潜流和表面流人工湿地系统中N2O的释放规律和相关的氨氧化细菌.结果表明,潜流和表面流人工湿地的N2O平均通量分别为296.5μg.(m2.h)-1和28.2μg.(m2.h)-1,总体上均表现为大气N2O的排放源,前者的N2O平均释放通量高于农田、森林、草原和沼泽湿地等生态系统,潜流方式促进了N2O的释放.潜流和表面流人工湿地N2O通量有较大的月份差异和明显的日变化特征,最高值出现在7月,分别为(762.9±239.3)μg.(m2.h)-1和(91.9±20.3)μg.(m2.h)-1,一天中的极大值和极小值分别出现在中午和凌晨.温度和芦苇的生长情况对N2O通量有一定的影响.人工湿地系统进水端,较高浓度的污水和充足的碳、氮源,促进了硝化和反硝化过程,使得N2O通量均高于出水端.克隆结果表明,人工湿地污水处理系统中与N2O产生相关的氨氧化细菌主要为Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira.     

生活污水中蛋白质测试方法研究

分别用Folin-酚改进法、考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法等3种测试方法测试了上海市某小区生活污水中的蛋白质含量,对这3种测试方法进行了比较,并采用氨基酸仪分析了生活污水中蛋白质水解后的氨基酸化学组成.试验结果表明,Folin-酚改进法测试蛋白质浓度的准确性与精确性优于考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法,可用于测定生活污水中蛋白质的浓度;氨基酸仪法测得该生活污水中含有17种氨基酸,其中最多的为谷氨酸(3.6 mg/L),含量最低的是脯氨酸(0.8 mg/L);所测生活污水中蛋白质COD占总COD的18.9%.     

浅谈基层环境信访案例的成因及对策

针对当前环保信访工作中环境污染信访案例的特点,分析形成重复信访的原因,并结合工作实践,提出了解决基层重复信访的对策。     

Ranking Agricultural Sub-basins for Environmental Protection

Abstract

Reconstructing long-term vegetation buffers along streams in agricultural landscapes has become a common environmental restoration strategy for improving water quality and wildlife habitat connectivity. This article developed a linear weighted model to rank the priority of agricultural sub-basins for the establishment of vegetative buffers. The method was applied to an agricultural watershed of 146 km² in Ontario, Canada. The watershed was divided into 11 sub-basins as basic decision units. In each subbasin, four stream buffer schemes with widths of 5, 10, 15 and 20m were generated. For each buffer, three benefit-cost attributes of reconstructing vegetation cover were estimated, which include acreage per dollar, sediment abatement per dollar and habitat benefit per dollar. These attributes were first normalized using a linear normalization approach to eliminate the effects across different units. The normalized attributes were then integrated using a simple additive weighting method to rank the 11 sub-basins for prioritizing spatial restoration action. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to observe the impact of a change in attribute weights on the management decisions. The results suggest that vegetation buffers reconstructed for achieving the water quality goal are not effective in improving habitat connectivity and vice versa.     

Prospect of China's ambient air quality standards

Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management. Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards. To understand the history of the development of China's ambient air quality standards, this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards, classification of functional areas, standard grading, pollutants, and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years. The results show that since the initial release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standard” by China in 1982, it has been supplemented once, revised twice, and modified twice. The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air. With the development of ambient air quality management, the number of pollutants has increased to ten. Since the release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standards” in 2012, the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved. However, the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low. At present, China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO₂ concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline (AQG). We further suggested that the SO₂ standard should be revised promptly. Simultaneously, regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.     

有效微生物和多功能复合微生物制剂生物强化提高化粪池粪便污泥减量效率研究

为了考察有效微生物(EM)和多功能复合微生物制剂(MCMP)对化粪池粪便污泥减量的强化效能,以化粪池粪便污泥为研究对象,采用中温(35℃)厌氧消化,研究EM和MCMP不同投加量(0~1.00%)对化粪池粪便污泥厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD的减量效果,考察EM和MCMP投加量与TS、VS和COD去除率间的相关关系。结果表明,投加0.005%~0.10%的EM和MCMP均有利于化粪池粪便污泥TS、VS和COD的去除;其中以投加0.01%的EM(E2处理)和0.01%的MCMP(M2处理)对TS、VS和COD的去除效果最好。E2处理TS、VS和COD的去除率分别为32.51%、42.34%和40.91%,分别比对照(CK)高5.83%、5.29%和7.13%;M2处理TS、VS和COD的去除率分别为33.74%、46.05%和43.33%;分别比CK高7.06%、9%和9.50%。对化粪池粪便污泥厌氧消化TS、VS和COD的减量作用效果表现为:MCMPEM。EM和MCMP的投加量与TS、VS和COD去除率间均存在一定的负相关关系;投加EM和MCMP的各处理的TS、VS和COD去除率两两间均表现为正相关关系。     

Nitrogen footprints: Regional realities and options to reduce nitrogen loss to the environment

Ambio - Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an...     

Nutrient retention in plant biomass and sediments from the salt marsh in Hangzhou Bay estuary, China

Nutrient load into the ocean can be retained during the process of plant uptake and sedimentation in marshes along the bay zone. Seasonal variations of biomass and nutrient concentration in three dominated plant assemblages and associated sediments were monitored in this study area to determine effects of salt marsh on nutrient retention. Results showed that plant aboveground biomass displayed a unimodal curve with nutrient concentration generally decreased from spring to winter. Belowground biomass was relatively low during the rapid growth period with nutrient concentration tending to decrease and then increase during this period. Plant total nitrogen (TN) pools are higher than total phosphorus (TP) pools, and both pools showed significant seasonal variations. Water purification coefficients (WPC) of nutrients by plant assimilation were 34.4/17.3, 19.3/24.0, and 5.14/6.04 t/(m² year) (TN/TP) for Phragmites australis, Spartina alterniflora, and Scirpus mariqueter, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that higher annual plant biomass and nutrient assimilation contribute to greater nutrient retention capacity and accumulation in sediments, thereby enabling reduced eutrophication in transitional waters.     

国内外餐饮垃圾的管理

餐饮垃圾高含水量和易腐等特性 ,使其成为一类特殊的固体垃圾。餐饮垃圾对于我国城市发展还是个新问题 ,国内外系统报道其管理和处理对策的文献也很少。在分析中 ,介绍了国内外餐饮垃圾的管理政策与治理技术 ,同时 ,针对我国目前现状 ,提出城市餐饮垃圾的管理和治理建议 ,为困扰我国众多城市的餐饮垃圾管理与治理决策提供参考