水处理用活性炭改性研究

利用锆和氯化十六烷基三甲铵共同改性活性炭,制备一种新型去除污水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的水处理吸附剂,并考察吸附剂加量、反应温度、pH值、共存阴离子等影响因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:锆-氯化十六烷基三甲铵改性活性炭(Zr-CTAC-AC)吸附剂适用于硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度在100mg/L以下的污水,随着Zr-CTAC-AC加量的增加,硝酸盐、磷酸盐去除率逐渐增加,单位吸附量逐渐下降,Zr-CTAC-AC加量为8g/L时,硝酸盐去除率为79%,Zr-CTAC-AC加量为4.0g/L时,磷酸盐去除率可达91%,但应在较低的pH值范围内使用;反应温度对Zr-CTAC-AC的吸附效果影响不大;共存Cl-、HCO3^-和SO4^2-可使硝酸盐的吸附率降低,但对磷酸盐吸附率影响较小;1mol/L NaCl溶液可使吸附到Zr-CTAC-AC表面的硝酸盐90.9%左右被解吸出来,1mol/L NaOH溶液可使吸附到Zr-CTAC-AC表面的磷酸盐78.4%左右被解吸出来。Zr-CTAC-AC能够有效去除污水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐,制备方法简单,且可循环利用,处理成本低。     

基于高通量测序的微生物强化污泥减量工艺中微生物群落解析

利用高通量测序技术对微生物强化原位污泥减量工艺中微生物群落进行解析.结果表明,外源菌剂的投加改变了活性污泥中微生物群落结构,菌剂的有效成分乳杆菌属和醋酸杆属在强化组中含量显著增加.科水平上的群落多样性分析显示：强化组厌氧区Siompson指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数均不同程度升高,群落多样性增加.聚类分析显示,微生物群落按时间顺序明显聚为3簇,强化组厌氧区微生物群落随时间发生较大演变.主坐标分析显示,强化组和对照组微生物群落明显聚为2类,其厌氧区群落分别按照不同的方向演变,微生物强化和DO降低的协同作用是强化组群落演变驱动力,DO降低是对照组群落演变驱动力.典范对应分析显示显著影响微生物群落结构的环境因子依次为pH值、水温和DO.     

Degradation characteristics and metabolic pathway of 4-nitrophenol by a halotolerant bacterium Arthrobacter sp. CN2

Arthrobacter sp. strain CN2, capable of degrading 4-nitrophenol, was isolated from activated sludge. Degradation of 4-nitrophenol was optimized at pH 7.7, 30?°C, and 0.53% of glucose. Salt tolerance of 4-nitrophenol degradation was as high as 6% (w/v). Several biodegradation intermediates were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 4-Nitrocatechol is involved in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol by CN2. Scale-up of 4-nitrophenol degradation was conducted in a bioreactor with different salinity. When the salinity was below 7%, the degradation rate of 4-nitrophenol was above 90% (100 mg L^?1, 3 L).     

基于PBPK模型的大鼠体内镉分布的比较:联合暴露及单独暴露

环境中同时存在着多种重金属元素,联合暴露与单独暴露时,重金属在体内的蓄积分布情况也可能有所差异。为探究重金属元素(汞、铬、砷、铅)对镉(Cd)在体内分布的影响,建立了大鼠在Cd暴露下的药代动力学(PBPK)模型,并进行了包括Cd在内5种重金属的联合毒性实验,比较了Cd单独给药与重金属混合物给药2种方式下大鼠肝脏、肾脏中的Cd浓度水平。结果表明,联合暴露高(Hg Cl23.67 mg·kg~(-1),NaAsO_2 3.67 mg·kg~(-1),CdCl_2 10.55 mg·kg~(-1),K_2Cr_2O_7 6.40 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH_3)_2·3H_2O 133.33 mg·kg~(-1))、中(HgCl_20.367 mg·kg~(-1),NaAsO_2 0.367 mg·kg~(-1),CdCl_2 1.055 mg·kg~(-1),K2Cr2O70.640 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH_3)_2·3H_2O 13.333 mg·kg~(-1))、低(HgCl_2 0.0367 mg·kg~(-1),Na As O20.0367 mg·kg~(-1),Cd Cl20.1055 mg·kg~(-1),K_2Cr_2O_7 0.0640 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH3)2·3H2O 1.3333 mg·kg~(-1))剂量组大鼠肝脏中Cd浓度分别为13.37、0.78和0.06μg·g~(-1);肾脏中Cd浓度分别为14.41、1.64和0.15μg·g~(-1)。与对照组相比,暴露组中Cd浓度有显著升高,且不同剂量组之间均有显著性差异。同剂量Cd单独暴露的PBPK模拟结果显示,肝脏及肾脏中的Cd浓度水平落在联合毒性实验结果的浓度范围内,初步推断其他4种重金属的联合暴露并没有影响Cd在大鼠肾脏和肝脏中的浓度分布。     

The prediction of adsorption isotherms of ester vapors on hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent

Adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and ethyl propionate on hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (ND- 100) were measured at 303K, 318K and 333K,respectively, and well fitted by Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) equation. The plots of the adsorbed volume (q _v ) versus the adsorption potential (ε) at three different temperatures all fell basically onto one single curve for every ester. A predicted model based on DA equation was obtained on the basis of adsorption equilibrium data of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate at 318K. The model equation successfully predicted the adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate on ND-100 at 303K, and 333K, and also gave accurate predictive results for adsorption isotherms of the other two ester compounds (propyl acetate and isopropyl acetate) on ND-100 at 303K, 318K and 333K. The results proved the effectiveness of DA model for predicting the adsorption isotherms of ester compounds onto ND-100. In addition, the relationship between physico-chemical properties of adsorbates and their adsorption properties was also investigated. The results showed that molecular weight, molar volume and molar polarizability had good linear correlations with the parameter E (which represents adsorption characteristic energy) of DA equation.     

氧化/膜过滤工艺处理屠宰废水研究

研究了二氧化氯(Cl O2)氧化/陶瓷超滤膜过滤工艺对屠宰废水的处理效果,对比不同Cl O2投加量、反冲条件(反冲周期、反冲时间等)对产水指标的影响,确定适宜参数。结果表明:其他条件相同,Cl O2投加量140 mg/L时,氧化单元COD去除率较高;反冲周期50 min、反冲时间50 s时渗透通量恢复较好,陶瓷膜装置运行效果最优,COD和浊度的总去除率分别达93.6%、95.8%,产水水质可达标排放,且运行总成本较低,有较好的工业推广前景。     

防护服设计中时尚与功能性的协调作用

本文探讨了防护服的产品开发设计过程,重点考虑了怎样将时尚和功能这两个元素和谐地融入到防护服的产品开发中去。本文还列举了一些目前最新的防护服开发案例,也阐明了未来的纺织技术对防护服产生的影响。通过大量的防护服开发案例分析,文章传递着这样一个信息：在不久的将来,防护服会变得更具有保护功能,同时更适应人们的需求,这些需求包括了感官的、情感的、生态的和美观的等;与此同时,防护服的款式和设计也决定了它被接受的程度。     

Does the metal content in soil around a pregnant woman’s home increase the risk of low birth weight for her infant?

Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with a number of maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy. This study explored the association between soil metal concentrations around the home where the mother lived during pregnancy and the outcome of LBW. We used a retrospective cohort of 9,920 mother–child pairs who were insured by Medicaid during pregnancy and lived in ten residential areas, where we conducted soil sampling. We used a grid that overlaid the residential areas and collected soil samples at the grid intersections. The soil was analyzed for the concentration of eight metals [arsenic (As), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg)], and we then used Bayesian Kriging to estimate the concentration at the actual maternal addresses, since we had the GIS coordinates of the homes. We used generalized additive modeling, because the metal concentrations had nonlinear associations with LBW, to develop the best fitting multivariable model for estimating the risk of LBW. The final model showed significant associations for female infants, maternal smoking during pregnancy, non-white mothers, Cu, and As with LBW. The As variable was nonlinear in relation to LBW, and the association between higher concentrations of As with LBW was strong (p = 0.002). We identified a statistically significant association between soil concentrations of arsenic around the home of pregnant women and an increased risk of LBW for her infant.     

微囊藻毒素在太湖白鲢体内的累积规律及其影响因素

太湖蓝藻水华及其次级代谢产物微囊藻毒素(MCs)的生物累积对生态系统和人体健康造成严重威胁,已成为最近环境科学研究的热点。本研究从太湖的不同区域(梅梁湖、西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区)采集不同体重和体长的白鲢,利用固相萃取方法提取、高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了白鲢不同器官中MCs的3种异构体MC-RR、MC-YR及MC-LR的含量,结合不同湖区的相关水质指标分析了MCs在白鲢体内的累积规律及其影响因素。研究结果表明:白鲢不同器官MCs的含量由高到低为:肠壁肾脏肝脏肌肉心脏,且肠壁累积的MCs显著高于肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和心脏。MC-RR含量是白鲢各器官累积MCs的异构体的主体,约占MCs的60%。梅梁湖鲢鱼的肌肉、肾脏和心脏中MCs均高于西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区。生物指标(体重和体长)是影响白鲢肾脏内MCs和MC-RR含量以及肠壁内MCs含量重要因素。太湖水质指标总磷(TP)、藻细胞数量、湖泊营养指数及环节动物数量尤其是TP对白鲢肝脏累积MCs产生明显影响,TP、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4-N)、内梅罗指数和环节动物数量尤其是NH4-N对肠壁累积MCs产生明显影响。     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.