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991.
Adsorbent sampling with analysis by thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) offers many advantages for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and thus is increasingly used in many applications. For environmental samples and other complex mixtures, the MS detector typically is operated in the scan mode to aid identification of co-eluting compounds. However, scan mode does not achieve the optimal sensitivity, thus compounds occurring at low concentrations may not be detected. This paper develops and evaluates the application of a more sensitive TD/GC/MS method using selective ion monitoring (SIM) that is applicable to VOC mixtures found in ambient and indoor air. Based on toxicity and prevalence, 94 VOCs (including terpenes, aromatic, halogenated and aliphatic compounds) were selected as target compounds. Two analytical methods were developed: a conventional full scan method for ions from 29 to 270 m/z; and a SIM method using 16 time windows and different ions selected for the compounds in each window. Both methods used the same Tenax GR adsorbent sampling tubes, TD and GC parameters, and target and qualifier ions. Laboratory tests determined calibrations, method detection limits (MDLs), precisions, recoveries and storage stability. Field tests compared scan and SIM mode analyses for duplicate samples of indoor air in 51 houses and outdoor air at 41 sites. Statistical analyses included the development of error/precision models. The laboratory tests showed that most compounds demonstrated excellent precision (<10% for concentrations exceeding approximately 0.5 microg m(-3)), good linearity, near identical calibrations for scan and SIM modes, a wide dynamic range (up to 1500 microg m(-3)), and negligible storage losses after 1 month (7 compounds showed moderate losses). SIM mode MDLs ranged from 0.004 to 0.27 microg m(-3), representing a modest (1.1 to 22-fold) improvement compared to scan mode. However, in field tests the SIM method detected significantly more compounds (e.g., styrene and chloroform). Error models fit most compounds and allow quantification of errors at selected percentiles. Overall, while the new SIM method is somewhat time-consuming to develop, it offers greater sensitivity and maintains the high selectivity of traditional scan methods. 相似文献
992.
993.
农田蔬菜中重金属污染和铅稳定同位素特征分析 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
采集南京市栖霞山铅锌矿附近农田中6种蔬菜和相应的根际土壤,测定了蔬菜(根系和茎叶)和根际土壤样品铅、镉、铜和锌含量和铅稳定同位素比率.结果表明,土壤受到铅、镉和锌污染,其中镉是最重要污染物;蔬菜根系和茎叶铅、镉、铜和锌含量具有明显的种属特异性;与<食品中污染物限量>(GB 2762-2005)、<食品中铜限量卫生标准>(GB 15199-1994)和<食品中锌限量卫生标准>(GB 13106-1991)中阈值相比.蔬菜中铅、镉和锌含量超标严重.铅稳定同位素比率表明.蔬菜的铅稳定同位素比率与土壤铅稳定同位索比率明显不同.因而土壤不是蔬菜富集铅的全部来源,大气可能是其重要来源之一. 相似文献
994.
995.
漂浮植物塘协同处理农村分散生活污水研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
通过实验考察了漂浮植物塘对经模拟化粪池简易处理的农村分散生活污水的深度净化效果,结果表明:水葫芦、大薸、聚草塘对上述污水均具有良好的净化效果,水葫芦塘对TP的去除效果最好,大薸塘对TN和NH+4-N的去除效果最好。当水力停留时间为20 d时,3种漂浮植物塘的出水污染物含量可低于GB/T 18921-2002观赏性景观环境用水河道类标准。在南方农村宅沟园河内种植漂浮植物是构建农村实用生活污水收集处理系统、控制农村生活污水对河道污染的一种有效措施。 相似文献
996.
997.
本文通过论述消防头盔对冲击加速度的防护原理、试验方法和试验结果,分析了不同方向冲击时,消防头盔对冲击加速度的防护作用,提出改进消防头盔设计的一些设想。 相似文献
998.
服装热湿舒适性能评价方法综述1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
评价服装热湿舒适性能的方法有很多,包括主观和客观评价,物理、生理和心理方面的评价,以及各种具体的评价方法,但是一直没有对这些方法进行全面汇总研究.本文正是基于以上目的,对于服装热湿舒适性能研究中所用到的评价方法及其适用性逐一分析,最后对全面评价服装热湿舒适性能给出建议. 相似文献
999.
Evaluation of potential habitat with an integrated analysis of a spatial conservation strategy for David's deer, Elaphurus davidians 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fang SB Zhang XS Jia XB An SQ Zhou CF Xu C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,150(1-4):455-468
How to assess the potential habitat integrating landscape dynamics and population research, and how to reintroduce animals to potential habitats in environments highly human disturbed are still questions to be answered in conservation biology. According to behavioral research on Elaphurus davidians, we have developed a suitability index and a risk index to evaluate the potential habitats for the deer. With these indices, we conducted two transect assessments to evaluate the gradient change of the target region. Then, taking rivers as border lines, we tabulated the forest areas, high grassland area and total area and then compared the forest and high grassland area in each subregion. Furthermore, we computed the land use transfer matrix for the whole Yancheng coast during 1987-2000. We also computed human modified index (HMI) in six subregions. Lastly with a geographical information system support we obtained the spatial distribution of the indices and evaluation of the whole potential habitats from a neighborhood analysis. The transect assessment showed that the suitability of the coastal area was higher than that of the inland area for the deer, while the southern area was higher than the northern. Landscape metrics and HMI analysis showed that different landscape patterns and different anthropogenic disturbance existed within the region, and the increasing human disturbance was the key factor causing the pattern dynamics. The evaluation of potential habitats showed that there was an estimated carrying capacity of no more than 10,000 for David's deer reintroduction into the natural area. Also the reintroduction strategy was discussed. This integrated approach linked the population research and the landscape metrics, and the dataset with different scale; thus, it is an approach likely to be useful for the protection of other large animal in a landscape highly disturbed by humans. 相似文献
1000.
Catalan L Liang V Johnson A Jia C O'Connor B Walton C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,156(1-4):37-49
Emissions of reduced sulphur compounds (RSCs) from the primary and secondary clarifiers at a Kraft mill were measured for respectively 8 and 22 days using a floating flux chamber. In the primary clarifier, dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) had the highest mean flux (0.83 microg s(-1) m(-2)) among all RSCs, and the mean flux of total reduced sulphur (TRS) was 1.53 microg s(-1) m(-2). At the secondary clarifier, dimethyl sulphide (DMS) had the highest mean flux (0.024 microg s(-1) m(-2)), and the mean flux of total reduced sulphur (TRS) was 0.025 microg s(-1) m(-2). Large variations in fluxes as a function of sampling date were observed in both clarifiers. Emission fluxes of DMS from the secondary clarifier were correlated with temperature in the flux chamber and with the biological and chemical oxygen demands (BOD and COD) of the wastewater. Emission rates of RSCs from the clarifiers were found to be insignificant by comparison with other mill sources. 相似文献