三峡库区大宁河沉积物营养盐时空分布及其与叶绿素的相关性分析

为研究大宁河底泥营养盐时空分布与藻细胞分布的关系,本研究在大宁河选择4个代表性的取样点:菜子坝、白水河、双龙和大昌,利用垂直重力采泥器,按照2 cm厚度分层选取底泥,检测底泥中总氮,氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、无机磷、有机磷和叶绿素的垂向分布,分析叶绿素与营养盐的相关性.结果表明,菜子坝底泥0.0~2.0 cm总氮浓度最高,白水河底泥2.0~4.0 cm的总氮浓度最高;菜子坝底泥2.0~4.0 cm氨氮浓度最高,1和2月白水河底泥4.0~6.0 cm浓度较高;硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮(除3月)在菜子坝底泥2.0~4.0 cm浓度最高;氨氮、硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮浓度在同一个采样点底泥4.0 cm以下分层差异不显著;白水河底泥总磷0.0~6.0 cm呈增加趋势,菜子坝底泥表层的总磷和无机磷的浓度显著高于其它分层,而且每一分层中总磷、无机磷浓度都高于其他3个取样点相应的分层;有机磷在菜子坝和大昌的浓度高于白水河和双龙的浓度,但是同一采样点底泥不同分层的有机磷浓度差异不显著;同一深层底泥中的叶绿素a浓度在大昌最高,其次是白水河,再次菜子坝,双龙处的叶绿素浓度最低;只有1月在大昌取样点处无机磷和叶绿素a的浓度显著正相关,相关系数为0.87,底泥中的营养盐不是影响底泥藻细胞分布的主要影响因素.     

Heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by O3-aged black carbon and its dithiothreitol oxidative potential

Ozone (O₃) is an important atmospheric oxidant. Black carbon (BC) particles released into the atmosphere undergo an aging process via O₃ oxidation. O₃-aged BC particles may change their uptake ability toward trace reducing gases such as SO₂ in the atmosphere, leading to different environmental and health effects. In this paper, the heterogeneous reaction process between O₃-aged BC and SO₂ was explored via in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Combined with ion chromatography (IC), DRIFTS was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the sulfate product. The results showed that O₃-aged BC had stronger SO₂ oxidation ability than fresh BC, and the reactive species/sites generated on the surface had an important role in the oxidation of SO₂. Relative humidity or 254 nm UV (ultraviolet) light illumination enhanced the oxidation uptake of SO₂ on O₃-aged BC. The oxidation potentials of the BC particles were detected via dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The DTT activity over BC was decreased in the process of SO₂ reduction, with the consumption of oxidative active sites.     

中国主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与评价分析

为了解我国主要湖泊沉积物中重金属的污染特征,通过搜集整理已公开发表的文献资料数据,分析了我国31个主要湖泊表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属含量的平均值及其分布特征,并运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行评价。结果显示:我国31个湖泊的沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为16.39,0.497,6.29,36.89,0.076,35.37,99.52 mg/kg,大部分元素含量平均值的最大值分布区域较为分散。地累积指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次为Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn>As>Ni>Zn>Cr,Cd和Hg在多个湖泊沉积物中达中度到重污染。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn。8种重金属的总地累积指数和综合潜在生态风险具有显著的地域差异(P0.05),表明我国主要湖泊具有各自不同的重金属污染特征。     

黄姜皂素废酸液在均相离子膜中渗析规律的研究

为了研究皂素水解废液在离子交换膜中的渗析规律,实验考察了废液中电导率、含盐量、氢离子浓度、硫酸盐浓度、Ca离子浓度、Mg离子浓度和有机物浓度随渗析时间的关系。研究结果表明:渗析时间进行100 h后,处理效果达到稳定状态;废液与渗析液的电导率几乎相等;含盐量、H+浓度、SO2-4浓度的分离效率分别为71%、62%、78%;Ca去除效果优于Mg去除效果;大部分有机物无法通过离子交换膜。     

渭河陕西段沉积物中总磷、总氮时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为探究沉积物中总磷、总氮的时空分布特征及其影响因素,以渭河陕西段5个研究点为例,分别于2013年夏季(6月)和冬季(12月)进行两次采样,通过野外实验对水温、p H、电导率、溶解氧、流速等环境因子的测定,结合室内实验对沉积物中总磷、总氮含量的测定和粒度分析,研究沉积物中总磷、总氮的时空分布特征,以及各环境因子与其相关性.结果表明,大多数研究点沉积物中总磷、总氮含量在垂向上呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势;在季节上呈现夏季含量高于冬季含量的趋势,其中各研究点夏季沉积物中总磷含量平均值为15.79 g·kg-1,总氮含量平均值为5.50 g·kg-1,而冬季沉积物中总磷含量平均值为5.91 g·kg-1,总氮含量平均值为2.46 g·kg-1;通过沉积物氮、磷元素含量与各环境因子的相关性分析,发现影响沉积物中总磷、总氮含量的环境因子主要有温度、p H、电导率和溶解氧.     

沈阳市推进环境污染责任保险制度的探索与实践

介绍了沈阳市环境污染责任保险推进情况、推进方法及配套政策措施,明确了沈阳市环境污染责任保险参保企业的确定原则,结合当前沈阳市该险种推进过程中存在的法律法规缺失造成环境污染责任保险推进不力、企业投保意识不强、环境专门机构与保险公司的协调配合有待于进一步加强相关问题,提出了选择适合的环境污染责任保险模式、加强环保部门与保险行业的合作、将环境污染责任险推进融入到环境监理工作中等建议及对策。     

煤炭开发建设项目环境影响后评价初步研究

环境影响后评价作为环境影响评价的延伸,是提高环评有效性的有力手段,目前我国环境影响后评价仍处于起步阶段,其理论和实践都具有很强的探索性。煤炭在我国的能源地位突出,但对煤炭开采建设项目的环境影响后评价研究甚少,文章介绍了国内外环境影响后评价的研究进展,并针对煤炭项目,通过识别煤炭开采的环境影响,概述了其评价指标的选取原则、指标体系的构建和评价方法。     

基于CLUE-S和灰色线性规划的嘉兴北部土地利用优化配置研究

构建基于CLUE-S与灰色线性规划混合模型的土地利用优化配置方法,在导入区域政策、社会经济、生态目标和土地利用现状等条件下,进行土地利用数量结构与空间布局的统一优化,并以嘉兴北部地区为例进行实证研究,共设置现状趋势情景、规划目标情景和规划可持续情景这3种模拟情景.规划可持续情景侧重社会经济环境效益,故对建设用地快速增长和农用地持续减少起到明显调控作用,可实现生态敏感区环境和粮食安全的双重保护,是理想的土地利用优化方案.CLUE-S模型与灰色线性规划的耦合能够兼顾现状条件和区域发展目标,模拟土地利用的数量和空间变化,是解决土地资源优化配置问题的有效方法.     

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C₈mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L^?1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C₈mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L^?1. [C₈mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C₈mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L^?1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.