Dioxin formation in pulp and paper mills of India

Samples of effluents, sludge, pulp, final products (paper) and soil were collected from the identified pulp and paper mills in India. The samples were analysed for 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and other dioxin congeners and precursors. Pulp and paper mills using chlorine for the bleaching process showed the presence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in effluent samples. In the effluent and pulp samples from mills where chlorine dioxide was used as a bleaching agent, the 2,3,7,8-TCDD congener ranged from below the detection limit 0.05 to 0.12 ngL⁻¹/ngg⁻¹. The relative standard deviation of reproducibility and the percent recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were 2.07 and 82.4% in pulp and 2.8 and 92% in effluent, respectively. The 1,3,6,8-TCDD was the only other major dioxin congener found in the treated and untreated effluent and sludge samples. However, dichlorobenzene, trichlorophenyl, and hexachlorobiphenyl were detected in all samples. The formation of dioxins can be minimised by replacing chlorine with chlorine dioxide in bleaching processes in pulp and paper mills.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Environmental Impact Assessment of Industrial Structure Change in a Rural Region of China

As the embodiment of human activities, the change of regional industrial structure is an essential driving factor of global environmental change. Consequently, the research on the change of regional industrial structure and associated effects on the environment is one of the key issues of researches on sustainable development, human–environment relationship, and regional response to global environment change. However, compared to the flourish of researches on environmental impact assessment of industrial departments, few studies have been conducted to assess the environmental impact of regional industrial structure. In this study, based on a synthetic analysis of environmental disturbances of different industrial departments, the environmental impact coefficient of industrial department associated with the index of environmental impact of industrial structure was constructed, so as to make a quantitative assessment of environmental impact of the change of regional industrial structure. And the results of the case study in Lijiang City, a rural region of China, have showed that there are two obvious changes of industrial structure in the study area from 1992 to 2003, associated with a continuous decreasing of the index of environmental impact of industrial structure, which indicated a positive environmental effects of the change of regional industrial structure.     

Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) ant-plants

Summary. The stems of many Macaranga ant-plants (Euphorbiaceae) are covered by epicuticular wax crystals rendering the surface very slippery for most insects. These wax blooms act as selective barriers protecting the symbiotic ant partners, which are specialized “wax-runners”, against the competition of other ants. Glaucous stems occur almost exclusively among the ant-plants of the genus Macaranga (). We analyzed the cuticular lipids of 16 Macaranga species by GC-MS and investigated the wax crystal morphology using SEM. Presence of crystalline wax blooms was strongly correlated with high concentrations (52%–88%) of triterpenoids. In contrast epicuticular waxes of glossy Macaranga surfaces contained only 0% to 36% of these dominant components. Therefore we conclude that triterpenoids are responsible for the formation of the thread-like Macaranga wax crystals. In all Macaranga ant-plants investigated, the principal components were epitaraxerol and taraxerone accompanied by smaller portions of taraxerol, β-amyrin and friedelin. Only in the case of the non-myrmecophytic M. tanarius did β-amyrin predominate. Moreover, we found that only in M. tanarius, the dense wax crystal lacework is torn into large mosaic-like pieces in the course of secondary stem diameter growth. Both chemical and macroscopic differences may contribute to a reduced slipperiness of M. tanarius stems and appear to be functionally important. The distribution of wax crystals and their composition amongst different sections of the genus suggests that glaucousness is a polyphyletic character within Macaranga. Received 7 October 1999; accepted 3 December 1999     

固硫生物型煤

研究出生物型煤的生产工艺流程,对型煤和生物型煤的固硫技术进行了研究,成功试验生产出固硫性能优良的生物型煤,为中国煤能源可持续发展利用开辟了新途径。     

松嫩盆地资源环境信息系统空间数据库的设计与开发

文章介绍了松嫩盆地资源环境信息系统空间数据库的设计思路,总体目标、构成及功能以及系统建立的关键技术。该系统的建立,使得对松嫩盆地资源开发管理和相关信息的查询、检索更方便,同时对松嫩盆地资源合理开发利用和管理决策提供了科学依据。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG)分批发酵中温度对S.mobaraense生长及产酶影响的模型化

研究了2.5L小罐培养过程中控制温度为25℃～35℃时对细胞生长和MTG合成的影响.结果表明当控制相对较低的温度时,细胞生长的延滞期较长,当控制温度较高时,细胞生长的延滞期较短,达到最大DCW和最高MTG酶活的时间均较短;通过研究各种不同模型对细胞生长的影响得到最适合描述S.mobaraense生长与温度之间的关系方程为Schoolfield方程;通过对最大DCW和最大MTG酶活进行数学模拟,发现方程X(U)=-a     

城市园林绿化用地土壤肥力诊断与综合评价——以广州市长虹苗圃为例

以广州市长虹苗圃为例,在实地调查与采样分析的基础上,首先对土壤肥力各单项指标进行诊断分析,然后采用修正的内梅罗指数对各地块进行土壤综合肥力评价。结果表明长虹苗圃土壤pH值偏低,有机质以及其它主要养分含量缺乏,各地块综合肥力系数大都属于贫瘠水平,其中南区、北区综合肥力明显低于东区。     

动态稀释校准仪对VOCs自动监测系统的影响

基于环境空气VOCs自动监测系统中动态稀释校准仪在相同稀释比和不同稀释流量条件下,对仪器测试结果误差的影响进行研究,指出了当前环境空气VOCs自动监测普遍使用的校准仪的不足之处。选取臭氧前体物(PAMS) 57种有机化合物,以不同稀释总流量,分别测试0. 5和1. 0 nmol/mol的平均检出限以及平均回测偏差,结果显示,在输出流量1 000 m L/min时,平均检出限分别在0. 02～0. 17和0. 01～0. 10 nmol/mol;平均回测偏差在-12%～26%和-28%～10%。当总输出流量 1 000 m L/min时,多点曲线各浓度点重复性5%。     

市场与政府对农户绿色防控技术采纳的协同作用分析

农户绿色防控技术的采纳对于农药减量、农产品质量提升和生态环境保护具有重要的积极作用。基于湖北宜昌、丹江口和江西赣州285个柑橘种植户样本,运用二元Logistic回归方法,分析市场利润与政府的激励和约束政策对农户绿色防控技术采纳意愿和行为的影响。研究表明:(1)仍有36.14%的样本农户在具有绿色防控技术采纳意愿的前提下并没有真实的绿色防控技术采纳行为;(2)农户的绿色防控技术采纳行为表达受市场利润与政府激励和约束政策的双重影响。在绿色市场发展不完善,市场利润激励不足的情况下,政府激励与约束政策均能不同程度促进农户的绿色防控技术采纳行为。也即政府激励与约束政策弥补绿色农产品市场不足,在引导和规范农户的绿色病虫害防治上起到积极作用。     

Energy use,blue water footprint,and greenhouse gas emissions for current food consumption patterns and dietary recommendations in the US

This article measures the changes in energy use, blue water footprint, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with shifting from current US food consumption patterns to three dietary scenarios, which are based, in part, on the 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services in Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 7th edn, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 2010). Amidst the current overweight and obesity epidemic in the USA, the Dietary Guidelines provide food and beverage recommendations that are intended to help individuals achieve and maintain healthy weight. The three dietary scenarios we examine include (1) reducing Caloric intake levels to achieve “normal” weight without shifting food mix, (2) switching current food mix to USDA recommended food patterns, without reducing Caloric intake, and (3) reducing Caloric intake levels and shifting current food mix to USDA recommended food patterns, which support healthy weight. This study finds that shifting from the current US diet to dietary Scenario 1 decreases energy use, blue water footprint, and GHG emissions by around 9 %, while shifting to dietary Scenario 2 increases energy use by 43 %, blue water footprint by 16 %, and GHG emissions by 11 %. Shifting to dietary Scenario 3, which accounts for both reduced Caloric intake and a shift to the USDA recommended food mix, increases energy use by 38 %, blue water footprint by 10 %, and GHG emissions by 6 %. These perhaps counterintuitive results are primarily due to USDA recommendations for greater Caloric intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and fish/seafood, which have relatively high resource use and emissions per Calorie.