永定河上游张家口地区水污染物排放负荷与贡献

运用源强系数法,估算永定河上游张家口地区不同来源水污染物的排放负荷,并评估不同污染源的贡献。结果表明:(1)永定河上游张家口地区COD排放负荷为97 533.43t/a;氨氮排放负荷为10 596.73t/a;总磷排放负荷为1 389.11t/a。(2)COD主要来自畜禽养殖业和城镇生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的53.66%和31.41%;氨氮主要来自城镇和农村生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的40.15%和27.04%;总磷主要来自畜禽养殖业和城镇生活污水,分别占总排放负荷的28.99%和26.54%。(3)从空间上看,宣化区COD、氨氮、总磷排放负荷均为最大,宣化区是永定河上游张家口地区水污染的主要贡献区。     

饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展及应用

微生物是威胁饮用水安全的首要问题,水环境微生物快速检测技术的开发和应用是推动饮用水源微生物快速检测和水质安全预警技术发展的保障。随着对水质微生物污染快速检测和准确预警新要求的提出,水环境中微生物在线检测和预警技术得到了越来越多的开发和应用。笔者总结了水环境常见微生物检测方法和技术的发展,重点讨论了饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展和应用,根据各项技术的应用和推广使用程度,将其归纳为常用快速检测技术、潜在适用快速检测技术和新型快速检测技术等类别,并详细阐述了一些应用较广的技术,以期为构建水质微生物污染早期预警系统提供参考。     

宁东地区主动配电网建设的规划思路

近年来,配电网中分布式能源、电动汽车等负荷的接入率越来越高,配电网的网络架构和功能趋于复杂,在电网运行中带来不少问题。基于泛在电力物联网的新形势下,对宁夏宁东地区分布式电源、电动汽车等负荷的接入以及宁东基地用户侧的用电特点进行分析,提出主动配电网建设的思路及初步治理措施,对宁东地区“十四五”电网规划建设具有一定的现实意义和参考价值。     

场开挖爆破粉尘粒度分布特征杨房沟水电站料∗

通过分析杨房沟水电站料场开挖爆破粉尘的粒度分布特征,为改进爆破降尘工艺提供粉尘粒度学依据。在料场爆破区、工作平盘、出入沟、最终边帮等处采集粉尘样品,采用激光粒度分布仪测试粉尘样品的分散度;以粉尘粒度分布数据拟合分布函数,表明爆破粉尘的粒度分布函数呈现对数正态分布特征;与经典的罗森·拉姆勒(Rosin?Rammler)分布函数模型对比分析表明,对数正态分布函数用于描述爆破粉尘的粒度分布更加准确。基于对数正态分布函数模型,厘定爆破粉尘粒度分布参数,分析TSP、PM10、PM5、PM2.5及PM1粉尘占全尘的比例,定量表达爆破粉尘粒度分布特征。结果表明：杨房沟水电站料场爆破粉尘具有显著的对数正态分布特征;离爆破中心距离越远,粒度分布范围越窄,对人体有害粉尘占比越大;建议采用爆破粉尘捕捉吸附技术、掺和湿润性抑尘剂的水雾喷洒等降尘措施。     

硫化锰纳米颗粒高效去除重金属镉

中国镉污染问题日益严峻,开发高效的镉吸附剂,是解决环境镉污染问题的重要技术手段。采用共沉淀方法合成了硫化锰纳米颗粒,研究了其对重金属镉的吸附行为,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)、比表面积(BET)等技术手段探究了硫化锰纳米颗粒的形貌、化学组分以及镉的去除机制。结果表明,MnS纳米颗粒呈球状,平均粒径100 nm,比表面积30.56 m~2·g~(-1)。MnS纳米颗粒对Cd~(2+)的吸附动力学数据较好地符合伪二级动力学模型;吸附等温线数据较好地符合Langmuir模型,说明MnS对Cd2+的吸附是以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附。使用Langmuir拟合的MnS饱和最大镉吸附量为349.6 mg·g~(-1),在众多镉吸附材料中处于前列。对于模拟工厂重金属废水的处理,MnS纳米颗粒可以在5 h内使镉的浓度由60 mg·L~(-1)降至国家规定排放线以下(0.1 mg·L~(-1)),且吸附过程中水体pH稳定,对水体干扰小。在多种重金属离子共存的情况下,仍可以达到接近100%的Cd~(2+)去除率。硫化锰相对稳定,在空气中放置30 d仍有80%的镉去除率。较高的离子交换量形成CdS沉淀是MnS高效去除镉的主要原因。     

UASB-SBR组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水的研究

近年来,随着中国畜禽养殖业的快速发展,落后的养殖模式和污染防治设施,使畜禽养殖污染日趋严重,畜禽养殖污染已居农业污染源之首,已成为中国环境污染的重要因素,对环境质量乃至人体健康都会产生不良影响。文中采用UASB—SBR组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水,通过试验探讨SBR反应器启动方法及最佳运行模式,同时研究UASB反应器的启动方法。结果表明,SBR运行的最佳模式为进水0.5 h、反应8 h、沉淀1 h、出水0.5 h、闲置14 h。经过一段时间的启动,UASB和SBR反应器均成功启动,UASB—SBR组合工艺在处理畜禽养殖废水时可获得稳定的处理效果,COD、氨氮、总磷等出水水质均达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)要求,为畜禽养殖废水处理的工程化应用提供了参考依据。     

Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers

Using clean lab methods and protocols developed for measuring Sb in polar snow and ice, we report the abundance of Sb in fifteen brands of bottled water from Canada and forty-eight from Europe. Comparison with the natural abundance of Sb in pristine groundwaters, water bottled commercially in polypropylene, analyses of source waters prior to bottling, and addition of uncontaminated groundwater to PET bottles, provides unambiguous evidence of Sb leaching from the containers. In contrast to the pristine groundwater in Ontario, Canada containing 2.2 +/- 1.2 ng l(-1) Sb, 12 brands of bottled natural waters from Canada contained 156 +/- 86 ng l(-1) and 3 brands of deionized water contained 162 +/- 30 ng l(-1); all of these were bottled in PET containers. Natural water from Ontario bottled in polypropylene contained only 8.2 +/- 0.9 ng l(-1). Comparison of three German brands of water available in both glass bottles and PET containers showed that waters bottled in PET contained up to 30 times more Sb. To confirm that the elevated Sb concentrations are due to leaching from the PET containers, water was collected in acid-cleaned LDPE bottles from a commercial source in Germany, prior to bottling; this water was found to contain 3.8 +/- 0.9 ng l(-1) Sb (n = 5), compared with the same brand of water purchased locally in PET bottles containing 359 +/- 54 ng l(-1) (n = 6). This same brand of water in PET bottles, after an additional three months of storage at room temperature, yielded 626 +/- 15 ng l(-1) Sb (n = 3). Other German brands of water in PET bottles contained 253-546 ng l(-1) Sb (n = 5). The median concentration of Sb in thirty-five brands of water bottled in PET from eleven other European countries was 343 ng l(-1) (n = 35). As an independent check of the hypothesis that Sb is leaching from PET, the pristine groundwater from Canada (containing 2.2 +/- 1.2 ng l(-1) Sb) was collected from the source using PET bottles from Germany: this water contained 50 +/- 17 ng l(-1) Sb (n = 2) after only 37 days, even though it was stored in the refrigerator, and 566 ng l(-1) after six months storage at room temperature.     

Water Quality during Development and Apportionment of Pollution from Rivers in Tapeng Lagoon, Taiwan

This work investigated water samples collected from Tapeng Lagoon, Taiwan. Factor analysis was conducted to explain the characteristics and the variation in the quality of water during the disassembly of oyster frames and fishery boxes. The result shows that the most important latent factors in Tapeng Lagoon are the ocean factor, primary productivity factor, and the fishery pollution factor. Canonical discriminant analysis is applied to identify the source of pollution in neighboring rivers outside Tapeng Lagoon. The two constructed discriminant functions (CDFs) showed markedly contribution to all discriminant variables, and that total nitrogen, algae, dissolved oxygen and total phosphate, combined in the nutrient effect factor. The recognition capacities in these two CDFs were 95.6%, 4.4%, respectively. The water quality in the Kaoping river most strongly determined that in the Tapeng Lagoon the best is. And disassembling the oyster frames and fishery boxes improves the water quality markedly. However, environmental topographic conditions indicate that strengthening stream pollution prevention and to constructing another entrance to the ocean are the best approaches for improving the quality of water in Tapeng Lagoon, especially by reducing eutrophication. These approaches and results yield useful information concerning habitat recovery and water resource management.     

A two-stage cyclone using microcentrifuge tubes for personal bioaerosol sampling

Personal aerosol samplers are widely used to monitor human exposure to airborne materials. For bioaerosols, interest is growing in analyzing samples using molecular and immunological techniques. This paper presents a personal sampler that uses a two-stage cyclone to collect bioaerosols into disposable 1.5 ml Eppendorf-type microcentrifuge tubes. Samples can be processed in the tubes for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunoassays, and the use of multiple stages fractionates aerosol particles by aerodynamic diameter. The sampler was tested using fluorescent microspheres and aerosolized fungal spores. The sampler had first and second stage cut-off diameters of 2.6 microm and 1.6 microm at 2 l min(-1)(geometric standard deviation, GSD = 1.45 and 1.75), and 1.8 microm and 1 microm at 3.5 l min(-1)(GSD = 1.42 and 1.55). The sampler aspiration efficiency was >or=98% at both flow rates for particles with aerodynamic diameters of 3.1 microm or less. For 6.2 microm particles, the aspiration efficiency was 89% at 2 l min(-1) and 96% at 3.5 l min(-1). At 3.5 l min(-1), the sampler collected 92% of aerosolized Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum spores inside the two microcentrifuge tubes, with less than 0.4% of the spores collecting on the back-up filter. The design and techniques given here are suitable for personal bioaerosol sampling, and could also be adapted to design larger aerosol samplers for longer-term atmospheric and indoor air quality sampling.