地震灾区河谷滑坡检测的遥感分析——以北川县滑坡为例

震区滑坡易堵塞河道形成高危型堰塞湖,一旦坝堤溃决,将释放巨大能量,造成严重的地震次生水灾。本文利用多源遥感数据,旨在研究一种检测河道滑坡的快速有效的方法,迅速判断出滑坡位置,为救援减灾提供重要信息。首先,对于灾前CBERS-02B星CCD数据,通过归一化水体指数(NDWI)来提取灾前水体信息主要为河道;由于灾后震区天气状况恶劣,故采用Radarsat-1SAR数据。利用水体在SAR影像上的特性,经过多次试验后使用阈值法来提取河道范围。再对两幅影像提取结果中的河道区域进行交集运算,检测出河道范围内的变化部分。通过上述方法提取的河道信息较为模糊、零散,这些模糊、零散并非都由滑坡堵塞河道造成,而是受噪声影响,在此对河道交集影像做膨胀处理,达到突出滑坡信息的目的,进而得以提取河道真实堵塞范围。最后进行人机交互判读,提取滑坡区域。实验以四川省北川县滑坡灾害为例,证明了本文方法的高效性与可靠性。     

中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室CERN综合研究中心研究成果与发展

介绍了中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)综合研究中心成立以来的发展历程和主要研究成果,以及未来研究方向及预期发展。取得的代表性研究成果主要有:CERN动态监测数据与生态系统空间信息数据管理和共享系统的开发、陆地生态系统碳和水热通量观测研究、陆地生态系统碳储量的时空格局特征研究、陆地生态系统多尺度模拟综合集成研究和青藏高原生态系统格局与全球变化相互作用关系研究等。未来的研究方向主要集中在陆地生态系统碳氮水循环及其耦合,区域碳汇功能动态,生态敏感区、脆弱区和过渡区对全球气候变化的响应与适应,生态监测、模拟与生态信息应用以及全球气候变化主要因子对生态系统关键过程的影响。未来除了履行CERN综合研究中心的基本职能外,争取在以上研究方向取得有国际影响的开拓性研究成果。     

煤烟粒子中PAHS光化学降解的动力学

 利用TEFLON薄膜室内光化学烟雾箱研究了光强、湿度和温度对燃煤烟颗粒物上多环芳烃（PAH_s）的光化学降解速率的影响。结果表明，PAH_S光解速率常数随光强、湿度和温度的升高而增大。在冬季低光强和低水蒸汽浓度的条件下，PAH_s降解速率很小，可在大气中停留数日，因而可传输较远距离。在夏季高光强和高水蒸汽浓度条件下，PAH_s在数小时内即全部降解。通过对光强、水蒸汽浓度和温度的实验数据进行多元回归，得到了降解速率常数与各参数的函数式，即降解反应的动力学方程式。     

溴氰菊酯农药对鱼塘浮游动物影响的研究

建立稻田－鱼塘模拟生态系统。对稻田施用溴氰菊酯农药后,将含有农药的稻田水排入鱼塘,研究鱼塘中浮游动物受影响情况。结果表明：大多数浮游动物对溴氰菊酯敏感,在该系统中测定的枝角类、桡足类、轮虫和原生动物的EC50－24h值分别为0.18、0.30、2.00及0.66μg/L。含农药的稻田水排入鱼塘后,多数浮游动物现存量显著减少,24h后逐渐恢复,2周后可以恢复至正常水平。未对浮游动物造成持久的、不可逆的毒性效应     

To take a clean technology as a strategy for pollution control in industry

A clean technology in thermal power station by adding of limestone into coal for getting the co-melted compounds was studied. Comparing with conventional technology, the quantity of ash discharged is decreased from 85% to 15%, the water consumption is 80% less than traditional method. The slag discharged could be used as raw materials for cement and bricks. In addition, the SO2 content is decreased as well.     

Current status and strategy of hazardous waste management in China

This paper deals briefly with the pollution caused by hazardous wastes in China, the hazardous waste management at present and the strategy that should be taken for hazardous waste management in the future. Hazardous waste problem has become one of the important environmental concerns in China. Hazardous waste have resulted in ecological and environmental destruction, caused damage to human health, and restricted economic development. Although a great effort has been devoted to the management of hazardous wastes, there remain many issues in legislation, experience, technology and finance to be solved. Some recommendations are made on the strategic measures for improving the hazardous waste management in China, particularly relating to legislation, technical development and international cooperation.     

The role of atmospheric aerosol composition in climate change

The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols has been investigated. Contributions ofsulfate and soot in aerosols to the atmospheric extinction are studied. Discussions are made on the problems of aerosol emitted from volcano, forest fires in northern China, 1987 and oil field fires in Kuwait, 1991. It is indicated that the changes in concentration, particle size, and chemical composition of aerosol after those events could have impacts on the climate change either regionally or globally and that the impact of aerosol particles on climate change could compensate for some temperature increase caused by greenhouse gases and the increase of surface intensity of ultraviolet radiation due to ozone layer depletion.     

环境承载力及其在环境规划中的初步应用

结合环境规划工作的实际,从理论上阐述了环境承载力的概念、衡量及应用模式,并结合福建省湄洲湾开发区环境的综合规划和临淄地区水环境规划,介绍了它的初步应用。结果表明,将环境承载力用于以社会、经济发展与环境相协调为目标的环境规划是合适的,可行的。