对化学需氧量两种测量方法不确定度评定报告的探讨

应用美国国家环保局方法和传统的重铬酸钾法测定同一化学需氧量标准样品，并分别编写了测量不确定度评定报告。通过对两份不确定度报告的研究，讨论了由于测量方法的不同，造成不确定度评定报告的区别。     

Effects of fluoride on growth and reproduction of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm^-2·day^-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.     

铅与苄嘧磺隆复合污染对青紫泥微生物生物量的影响

通过实验室培养试验研究了铅(0、100、300、500、800 mg/kg)与苄嘧磺隆(0、5、10 mg/kg)单独及其复合污染对青紫泥田水稻土壤微生物生物量的影响.结果表明,两种污染物在整个培养过程中都对微生物生物量C、N产生了显著的抑制作用,其交互作用在各个取样时期也均达到了显著水平;在整个培养过程中微生物生物量C、N的含量表现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,在第7～14天下降到最低点;而对微生物生物量C/N比的影响则表现出先升高后下降的趋势.     

Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49?ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.     

宝钢中厚板分公司煤干燥机除尘系统风量调整技术探究

文章针对宝钢股份中厚板分公司炼铁厂煤干燥机除尘系统吸尘点冒灰,粉尘无组织排放超标的现象进行了测试分析,数据表明主要由除尘系统风量匹配不佳、吸尘点风量不合理造成。笔者通过不断调整阀门及风机档板开摩,测试调整后的风量、除尘性能、岗位粉尘浓度等参数,确定了一个合理的系统风量,不仅可以达到环境排放及职业卫生的要求,而且充分挖掘了除尘系统潜力,达到了节能降耗、经济运行的目的,同时对类似除尘系统风量匹配不佳、扬尘等问题也形成了有效的解决方案。     

α-HCH在太湖地区环境中的长期迁移与残留的动态模拟

根据太湖地区1/4°×1/6°经纬度网格的地表特征及α-HCH施用量,建立了一个基于同精度网格系统, 包含迁移和传输2个模块的质量平衡模型. 迁移模块使用逸度方法描述α-HCH在每一个网格的多介质环境中的迁移过程,传输模块使用拉格朗日方法描述α-HCH在不同网格间的大气平流和水体径流. 模型模拟了α-HCH在研究区域开始施用至今(1952~2007年) α-HCH在5类4层土壤、气、水和底泥23个环境相中的积累、迁移和残留情况. 模拟值与实测α-HCH浓度对比验证表明两者吻合得很好. 环境温度是影响α-HCH在各环境介质中浓度的最重要因素. 模拟结果表明,在α-HCH使用时期,在土壤中的年积累趋势约为年使用量趋势的5.7%; 在停止使用后,其减少趋势为积累趋势的50%. 在α-HCH使用期间,太湖流域α-HCH的年使用量与其水-气界面沉积通量存在显著的相关性,而与土-气界面通量则无显著相关性. α-HCH停止使用后,太湖流域水-气界面通量表现为向大气的挥发,且自1985年其年挥发通量大于土-气挥发通量. 底泥是α-HCH水-气界面挥发的主要补给源. 2007年太湖流域内α-HCH大气浓度普遍高于流域外大气浓度. 整个模拟时段α-HCH的主要输出途径是流出太湖地区,且以大气平流为主;其次的减少途径是在环境介质中的降解,其中土壤降解量占绝大部分. 2007年环境中残留的α-HCH为总使用量的0.005%,以土壤残留量为主,其次是底泥.     

Sources, chemistry, impacts and regulations of complex air pollution: Preface

正Clean air is essential to people's health and that of the environment.Since the industrial revolution,however,the quality of the air that people breathe has deteriorated considerably—mainly as a result of human activities.Rising industrial and energy production,the burning of fossil fuels and the dramatic rise in traffic all contribute to air pollution in our cities which,in turn,can lead to serious health problems for instance     

用边际费用分析方法研究制定排污收费的新标准

排污收费的有效性主要取决于它的经济刺激作用。本文分析了排污收费的经济学原理,提出了制定排污收费标准更为合理有效的方法──边际费用分析法,定量地描述和分析了排污收费与其经济刺激作用的关系,以天津纪庄子污水处理厂为例,提出应建立的排污收费标准。本文指出,有效地运用排污收费来管理污水的排放,必须实行区域总量控制,制定具有有效的经济刺激作用的排污收费标准。     

二氧化硫与植物之间的剂量—反应关系的研究

本研究采用野外开顶式和CSTR熏气装置对小麦、大麦、棉花、大豆和菜豆等植物进行SO2急性伤害、低浓度SO2长期暴露试验,测定植物伤害阈值和剂量—反应关系,生长和产置的反应及其对新陈代谢的影响。 研究结果指出,在一定的浓度和暴露时间下,植物对SO2具有不固定的敏感性。根据植物对SO2的敏感性,提出了敏感性、敏感中等和抗性这三种类型植物的急性伤害阈值。剂量—反应表面图表明,植物产生急性伤害需要一定的起始暴露时间,植物伤害程度与SO2之间不呈正比SO2浓度和暴露时间对叶片可见伤害都有影响,两者相比,浓度是更重要的因素。 低浓SO2长期暴露对植物生长和产量有抑制作用,干物质积累降低,叶面积减少,植株矮小。一般说来,对叶的影响大于对茎和根的影响,产量与SO2之间呈负相关。 SO2污染引起植物叶片气孔阻力,细胞外渗液K₊离子浓度和相对电导率增加,并与剂量呈正相关。SO2造成植物光合色素减少,急性伤害加速叶绿素a的破坏,而低浓度SO2长期暴露却使叶绿素b破坏加重;并对过氧化物酸活性有诱导作用。      

On the effective hydraulic conductivity and macrodispersivity for density-dependent groundwater flow

In this paper, semi-analytical expressions of the effective hydraulic conductivity ( $K^{E})$ and macrodispersivity ( $\alpha ^{E})$ for 3D steady-state density-dependent groundwater flow are derived using a stationary spectral method. Based on the derived expressions, we present the dependence of $K^{E}$ and $\alpha ^{E}$ on the density of fluid under different dispersivity and spatial correlation scale of hydraulic conductivity. The results show that the horizontal $K^{E}$ and $\alpha ^{E}$ are not affected by density-induced flow. However, due to gravitational instability of the fluid induced by density contrasts, both vertical $K^{E}$ and $\alpha ^{E}$ are found to be reduced slightly when the density factor ( $\gamma $ ) is less than 0.01, whereas significant decreases occur when $\gamma $ exceeds 0.01. Of note, the variation of $K^{E}$ and $\alpha ^{E}$ is more significant when local dispersivity is small and the correlation scale of hydraulic conductivity is large.