超细Ce0.5Zr0.5O2的制备及其催化甲烷燃烧性能研究

以共沉淀法制备Ｃｅ－Ｚｒ－Ｏ固溶体,在液相反应阶段、干燥阶段和灼烧阶段分别采取快速喷射和加入表面活性剂、正丁醇共沸蒸脱水以及选择适当灼烧温度等手段控制团聚体的生成,制得超细颗粒Ｃｅ０．５Ｚｒ０．５Ｏ２固溶体。     

Local people's perceptions as decision support for protected area management in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China

This paper examines local people's knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards Wolong Biosphere Reserve (WBR) and its management policies. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey and group discussions. This study revealed that local people's perceptions were affected by many factors, including education, gender, residence location, household size and acreage of land owned. Although most respondents had limited knowledge about WBR because of their absence in WBR management, they held a positive attitude towards WBR. An in-depth analysis of their attitudes and perceptions showed that two potential conflicts might affect biodiversity conservation and protected area management. One of them was the imbalance between the limited cropland holding and the oversupply of the labor force, and the other one was the increase in electricity price versus the decrease in economic incentives for the Natural Forest Protection Project. The study also revealed that relocation was considered unacceptable to most respondents. However, those residing far from the main road were willing to relocate more than those near the main road. Based on our studies, some recommendations are given for improvement of WBR management.     

平原河网地区双向生态补偿机制与核算方法

针对平原河网地区地势平坦、水流流向不定、上下游关系不明确的特点,以太湖流域为例,根据“十二五”期间流域内各区域COD和NH₃-N两种污染物的削减量和削减成本,运用非线性回归获得各区域的污染物削减成本函数.根据污染物削减成本函数,以流域污染物削减总成本最小为规划目标,以区域间污染物转移量不超过30%为约束条件,构建基于单目标非线性规划方程组的流域污染物削减总成本最小化模型,求解模型获得太湖流域各区域间的污染物削减成本优化配额方案,计算行政指令配额方案与成本优化配额方案下各区域污染物削减成本的差额,以此为依据,核算生态补偿金额并确定生态补偿方向.核算结果表明,相比行政指令配额方案,太湖流域的成本优化配额方案能够节省9 897.03×104元的污染物削减总成本,根据成本优化配额方案,江苏省需要向浙江省和上海市提供10 577.86×104元的生态补偿费用,浙江省和上海市可分别获得8 909.12×104和1 668.74×104元的生态补偿费用.这种基于流域污染物削减成本最小化的生态补偿机制,根据污染物削减成本函数核算生态补偿金额并确定补偿方向,由于污染物削减成本函数有一定的变动性,因此,允许两个区域间根据成本变动情况改变补偿方向,是一种双向生态补偿机制.      

黄河上游水体中砷的来源及迁移初探

在对黄河上游水体及沿岸表层土壤、底泥中的砷进行监测分析的基础上,对水体中砷的来源、迁移过程进行了初步探索。结果表明:黄河上游沿岸土壤中砷的含量偏高,水体中的砷来源于沿岸的土壤。     

常州新区水污染控制规划研究

尾水一直是困扰常州新区环境改善的主要问题，对此，本文胡定了控源集流，多级处理，分段达标三个基础思路，提出了尾水近期排江，远期战略性转移的策略以及相应的规划方案。     

大气氮湿沉降对青山湖富营养化的影响

针对大气湿沉降氮的区域通量问题,通过2008年春、夏季对临安青山湖区湿沉降中氮素化学形态的分析,揭示了大气氮湿沉降的时间分布特征,通过估算大气氮湿沉降的输入通量,研究湿沉降对湖区水体富营养化的贡献.结果表明,春季青山湖降水总氮浓度范围为(1.30±0.02)—(9.80±0.85)mg.L-1,其中铵态氮占总氮比例最高,为40.7%,硝态氮和有机氮的比例分别为33.5%和25.8%;雨水氮浓度随着降雨强度的增大呈显著下降趋势,铵态氮和硝态氮所占的比例随着降雨的进行会逐渐升高,而有机氮的比例却有不断降低的趋势;青山湖春季大气氮沉降负荷为6.64 kg.hm-2,雨水中平均的氮浓度为(4.86±0.65)mg.L-1,严重超过了水体富营养化0.2 mg.L-1的阈值,对青山湖水生生态系统造成潜在的威胁.     

Determination of polyacrylamide in soil waters by size exclusion chromatography

Determination of polyacrylamide (PAM) concentration in soil waters is important in improving the efficiency of PAM application and understanding the environmental fate of applied PAM. In this study, concentrations of anionic PAM with high molecular weight in soil waters containing salts and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were determined quantitatively by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. Polyacrylamide was separated from interferential salts and DOM on a polymeric gel column eluted with an aqueous solution of 0.05 M KH2PO4 and then detected at a short UV wavelength of 195 nm. Analysis of PAM concentrations in soil sorption supernatants, soil leachates, and water samples from irrigation furrow streams showed that SEC is an effective approach for quantifying low concentrations (0-10 mg L(-1)) of PAM in waters containing soil DOM and salts. The method has a lower detection limit of 0.02 microg and a linear response range of 0.2 to 80 mg L(-1). Precision studies gave coefficients of variation of < 1.96% (n = 4) for > 10 mg L(-1) PAM and < 12% (n = 3) for 0.2 to 3 mg L(-1) PAM.     

陕西中部地区粮食生产系统灾害的类型及其防御途径

作者通过近几年来的调查研究,分析了干旱、雨涝、霜冻、大风、冰雹、病虫草鼠等自然灾害和各种人为灾害对粮食生产的影响。并提出了相应的对策。     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.