青海省干旱半干旱地区农村的能源问题

以青海省为例，探讨了我国西北干旱、半干旱地区农村的能源问题及其对自然生态环境的影响。针对青海省农村由于能源消费结构不合理，商品能源供应不足，生活能源利用率低下，可再生能源资源破坏严重等特点所引发的生态环境问题和社会问题，提出了解决青海省农村能源问题，保护生态环境的对策建议。     

水环境中藻毒素生态风险的物种敏感性分布评价

藻毒素对人体的健康风险已受普遍关注,然而其对水生态物种敏感性分布的影响尚不明朗。本研究采集已有实验数据,利用种间相关性分析(ICE)模型和物种敏感性分布评估(SSDs)方法,筛选了64个水生生物物种的71组急性毒性数据(EC50),构建水生生物对肝毒素(节球藻毒素、柱孢藻毒素)和神经毒素(类毒素、贝毒素)的SSD方程。在此基础上,计算不同暴露浓度下的潜在影响比例(PAF)以及保护95%物种基础上藻毒素对水生生物的生态风险阈值(HC5),比较不同类别生物对藻毒素的敏感性以及藻毒素对水生生物的生态风险。结果表明:(1)在95%物种保护保证率下,节球藻毒素、柱孢藻毒素、类毒素和贝毒素对全部物种的HC5值分别为74.96、205.39、194.39、0.3μg·L~(-1),贝毒素水生态风险最高,柱孢藻毒素最低。(2)柱孢藻毒素、类毒素对无脊椎动物的HC5值分别为122.93、95.19μg·L~(-1),低于全部物种的HC5值,无脊椎动物受柱孢藻毒素、类毒素影响较其他物种大。(3)物种潜在影响比例可明确表征敏感性,柱孢藻毒素、类毒素在各浓度暴露情景下对无脊椎动物的PAF值均高于脊椎动物,显示无脊椎动物的敏感性较高。     

华南某铀矿开采利用对地表水环境质量的影响

以广东省某铀矿区为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了矿山、水冶厂及其周边地表水体共42个水样(包括工业废水、池塘水、溪流水、河水和矿区饮用水)中放射性元素(U和Th)和其它一些金属元素(Fe、Mn、Mg、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Li、Ca、Na、K、Al、Sr和Ba)的含量.由此确认铀矿区产生高污废水的重要环节和关键污染元素,并了解这些元素的迁移变化规律以及对周边地表水产生的影响.结果表明:(1)铀矿区产生高污外排废水的主要生产环节是采矿、铀矿堆浸和尾矿露天堆积,排放废水中U和Mn含量分别为0.238—8.700 mg.L-1和0.62—94.23 mg.L-1,均高于国家工业废水允许排放标准(GBJ8—74和GB8978—1996)的限定值;(2)铀矿周边用作当地农业灌溉和露天水源的溪流由于受纳了矿区外排废水,明显受到了U和Mn的污染:U含量在枯水期和丰水期分别为(0.415±0.619)mg.L-1和(0.233±0.308)mg.L-1,Mn含量在枯水期和丰水期分别为(8.72±12.8)mg.L-1和(8.56±12.61)mg.L-1;(3)受纳溪流中U、Fe的含量枯水期高于丰水期,而Mn和Cu的含量基本保持不变,且大多数元素的含量随着迁移距离的增加在枯水期和丰水期均呈下降趋势,指示污染源来自铀矿区;(4)铀矿区生产活动引起的地表水污染目前仅局限于铀矿区和周边较小的区域,但仍应引起重视.     

负载金属改性活性碳纤维的制备及其脱硫性能

以粘胶基活性碳纤维（VACF）为原料，采用浸渍法制备了负载镍、钴、锰、镁等系列金属的粘胶基活性碳纤维（M／VACF），并通过测定试样在77K的氮气吸附等温线对M／VACF比表面积和孔结构进行了表征。考察了M／VACF的脱硫性能，分析了影响其脱硫性能的各种因素。结果表明，M／VACF的比表面积和孔结构不是影响M／VACF脱硫性能的主要因素，负载金属的种类是影响M／VACF脱硫性能的主要因素。     

Effect of formulation on the behavior of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil

The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) has been identified as a partial replacement for methyl bromide (CH3Br) in soil fumigation. 1,3-Dichloropropene is formulated for soil fumigation as Telone II (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) for shank application and as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (Telone EC or InLine; Dow AgroSciences) for drip application. This study investigated the effect of formulation on the phase partitioning, transformation rate, and volatilization of 1,3-D isomers. Air-water partitioning coefficients (K(H)) were slightly higher for Telone II than for Telone EC, presumably due to the higher apparent water solubility of the EC formulation. Sorption of 1,3-D isomers in two soils was not affected by formulation. Formulation had no significant effect on the rate of 1,3-D transformation in water or soil. In general, differences in the rate of 1,3-D transformation and phase partitioning due to formulation as Telone II or Telone EC were very small. Thus, the effect of formulation on 1,3-D fate may be ignored in transformation and phase partition of 1,3-D in water and soil. Packed soil columns without plastic tarp indicated that with relatively shallow subsurface (10 cm) drip application of Telone EC, emission of 1,3-D isomers was more rapid and produced greater maximum instantaneous flux than deeper (30 cm) shank injection of Telone II. Both application methods resulted in the same cumulative emissions for both isomers, 45% for (E)-1,3-D and approximately 50% for (Z)-1,3-D. These results suggest that for drip application of fumigants to be effective in reducing emissions, the fumigant must be applied at sufficient depths to prevent rapid volatilization from the soil surface if the water application rate does not sufficiently restrict vapor diffusion.     

广东某垃圾焚烧炉周边空气颗粒物中金属浓度特征及源解析研究

以广东某垃圾焚烧炉为研究对象,应用富集因子法、主成分分析法对其周边环境空气中金属(Fe、Al、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ba、Pb、Cr、Ni、Bi和Cd)含量及来源进行分析.结果如下:研究区域环境空气中各金属含量(各点均值)(ng·m-3)为:Fe(1092—3487)Al(939—3126)Mg(716—1339)Cu(63.4—995)Zn(227—427)Mn(162—291.1)Ba(61.4—372)Pb(21.9—41.8)Cr(12.3—25.7)Ni(5.70—15.5)Bi(0.70—1.22)Cd(0.42—0.82).相关分析和主成分分析发现,研究区域Fe与Ni、Cr、Mn、Ba主要来自于焚烧炉释放,Zn、Cd、Pb、Bi和Cu则来自于研究区域周边的交通污染源,而Al和Mg则主要来自于地壳或土壤背景值.     

第五届中国国际安全生产及职业健康展览会将在北京举行

中国经济高速发展,安全生产及职业健康工作得到国家有关部门的高度重视,安全生产装备和个体防护用品产业在中国迎来前所未有的历史机遇期。     

石河子市PM2.5中重金属污染及健康风险评价

采集石河子市供暖时期的PM_(2.5)样品,使用ICP-MS对PM_(2.5)中5种重金属元素(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Fe)进行检测,并对重金属元素进行健康风险评价.选取重金属元素中的Zn进行动物实验,以观察PM_(2.5)及其Zn元素对大鼠肺部的影响.将不同浓度的PM_(2.5)(0.5、3.0、15.0 mg·kg~(-1)体重)和Zn(0.06、0.3、1.5 mg·kg~(-1)体重)通过气管滴注的方式暴露于大鼠来探究PM_(2.5)中的Zn元素对大鼠肺部的损伤.处死大鼠后获取大鼠的支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织,使用ELISA、比色法和HE染色来检测大鼠BALF中促炎因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、肺组织中氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以及观察大鼠肺组织的病理变化.结果表明供暖期间石河子市PM_(2.5)浓度为109.85±58.76μg·m~(-3),PM_(2.5)中重金属的浓度为Fe (27.766μg·m~(-3)) Zn (3.484μg·m~(-3)) Pb (1.444μg·m~(-3)) Cu (0.628μg·m~(-3)) Ni (0.094μg·m~(-3)).Ni存在一定的致癌风险,Cu,Zn,Pb不存在非致癌风险.PM_(2.5)以及Zn浓度的升高能够显著抑制SOD活性并增加MDA、IL-6、TNF-α水平,但是在同等Zn元素含量的情况下(PM_(2.5)高剂量组和Zn中剂量组),PM_(2.5)对大鼠的损伤更为严重.因此,PM_(2.5)及其Zn元素可以引起大鼠肺部的损伤,在这一过程中Zn元素发挥重要作用.     

Transformation of tetracycline during chloramination: Kinetics,products and pathways

To assess the potential adverse effects stemming from tetracycline (TC) in drinking water or disinfected wastewater, the kinetics of the chloramination of TC was investigated at room temperature, the transformation products and pathways of their generation were elucidated, and their growth inhibiting properties towards sludge bacteria were assessed. The chloramination of TC exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics with the rate constants (k_obs) ranging from 0.0082 to 0.041 min^?1 at pH of 6–8. Chloramination of TC generated at least 13 discernible products, and the structures of 12 products, including five chlorinated compounds, were identified using LC–ESI–MS. Two main pathways for the generation of these products were proposed: (1) chlorine substitution reactions followed by dehydration; and (2) oxidization by chloramine. The chlorinated products were proposed to be further degraded to small molecules via the scission of benzene rings of TC, and two oxidization products (2,11a-dihydroxy-keto-TC and 6,11-epoxy-2,11a-dihydroxy-TC) were the final products obtained under the experimental conditions. The chlorinated solution, even without detection of TC, exhibited greater than 80% of TC inhibitory effects towards sludge bacteria, suggesting potential effects on microorganisms in aquatic environment.