针对工作流量为2 L·min-1的切割器的捕集效率评价研究

为了评价市面上不同工作流量的切割器,本研究搭建了一套基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,可调节切割器的采样流量,结合空气动力学粒径谱仪对不同工作流量的切割器进行捕集效率测量.通过使用8种粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯微球,对多个品牌的工作流量为2、3及16.67 L·min^-1的PM₁、PM_2.5及PM₁₀切割器进行了评价,得到其捕集效率为50%时的空气动力学粒径分别为1.12、2.52和10.39 μm（品牌一）;2.69和10.41 μm（品牌二）;2.56、10.43 μm（型号Dust trak）;1.04、2.51 μm（型号VSCC）.本研究对于评价不同流量、不同原理的切割器的性能、提高颗粒物监测结果的准确性具有一定的科学意义.     

电沉积制备PMo12/rGO/PPy阳极及其在微生物燃料电池中的应用

微生物燃料电池(MFC)阳极材料的电化学特性影响其产电性能和污染物还原能力。采用电化学沉积法得到了磷钼酸/还原氧化石墨烯/聚吡咯(PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy)阳极,并对PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极进行形貌表征和电化学特性分析,最后考察了PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极MFC在不同浓度高氯酸盐(ClO₄-)下的产电和还原性能。结果表明:PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极较对照阳极为微生物的附着提供了更大的比表面积,为电子传递提供更多的活性位点;使得MFC阳极表面的电荷转移量增加493%,电荷转移阻抗降低83.3%,交换电流密度提高53.4%。同时,当ClO₄-浓度为420 mg/L时,PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极MFC产电性能最好,最大输出电压可达到148.47 mV。     

Novel chitosan–ethylene glycol hydrogel for the removal of aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid

It is urgent to explore an effective removal method for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) due to its recalcitrant nature. In this study, a novel chitosan-based hydrogel (CEGH) was prepared with a simple method using chitosan and ethylene glycol through a repeated freezing–thawing procedure. The adsorption of PFOA anions to CEGH agreed well to the Freundlich–Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity as high as 1275.9?mg/g, which is higher than reported values of most adsorbents for PFOA. The adsorption was influenced by experimental conditions. Experimental results showed that the main removal mechanism was the ionic hydrogen bond interaction between carbonyl groups (COO^?) of PFOA and protonated amine (NH⁺) of the CEGH adsorbent. Therefore, CEGH is a very attractive adsorbent that can be used to remove PFOA from water in the future.     

季节性温差变化对非控温PN-Anammox工艺稳定脱氮的影响

采用具有自回流的分区式部分亚硝化(PN)和厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)耦合工艺,利用季节性温度的变化,研究了逐步降温对耦合工艺整体脱氮效能及各区域氮素转化能力的影响.结果表明,当温度由35℃降低到25℃时,因厌氧区Anammox的氮去除速率由18 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到9 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),导致耦合工艺的整体氮去除速率大幅度下降,由1 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到0.5 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1).当温度降低到20℃时,联合工艺的脱氮速率下降趋势趋于缓慢,但好氧区的NO~-_2-N生成速率开始明显下降,由0.9 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到0.2 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1).同时,亚硝化菌(AOB)的优势生长被打破,硝化菌(NOB)开始大量增长,出水NO~-_3-N浓度迅速增大.运用Arrhenius公式对联合工艺总氮去除速率及各个区域氮转化速率与温度的关系进行非线性拟合,发现厌氧区Anammox的氮去除速率的温度特征系数比好氧区NO~-_2生成速率的温度特征系数大,表明温度对PN-Anammox工艺的Anammox的效能影响更大.     

Fractionation and ecological risk of metals in urban river sediments in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta

Surface sediments collected from nine urban rivers located in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta, were analyzed for total concentration of metals with digestion and chemical fractionation adopting the modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that concentration and fractionation of metals varied significantly among the rivers. The total concentration of eight metals in most rivers did not exceed the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soil, Grade III. The potential ecological risk of metals to rivers were related to the land use patterns, in the order of manufacturing areas > residential areas > agriculture areas. The concentration of Pb in the reducible fraction was relatively high (60.0-84.3%). The dominant proportions of Cd, Zn and Cu were primary in the non-residual fraction (67.0%, 71.8% and 81.4% on average respectively), while the percentages of the residual fractions of Cr and Ni varied over a wide range (43-85% and 24-71% respectively). The approaches of the H?kanson ecological risk index and Secondary Phase Enrichment Factor were applied for ecological risk assessment and metal enrichment calculation. The results indicated Hg and Cd had posed high potential ecological risk to urban rivers in this region. Meanwhile, there was widespread pollution and high enrichment of Cu in river sediments in this region. Multiple regression analysis showed that five water quality parameters (pH, DO, COD(Mn), NH(4)(+)-N, TP) had little influence on the distribution of metal fractionation. This result revealed that the ecological risk of metals was not eliminated along with the improvement in water quality. Correlation studies showed that among the metals, Group A (Cd, As, Pb, Zn Hg, r = 0.730-0.924) and Group B (Cr, Cu, Ni, r = 0.815-0.948) were obtained, and the metal contaminations were from industrial activities rather than residential.     

镜泊湖水环境容量与水污染防治对策研究

随着镜泊湖旅游业快速发展,环境压力指数化增加长,环境保护面临着巨大的挑战。针对镜泊湖水环境污染严重的状况,在水质现状评价的基础上,计算了镜泊湖高锰酸盐指数和总磷两项指标的水环境容量值,并对计算结果进行了分析。在水环境容量计算结果的基础上,结合实际情况提出了镜泊湖流域水环境保护的措施和建议,为合理有效地利用水环境容量资源和区域可持续发展提供理论支撑和对策。     

Status and changes of water quality in typical near-city zones of three East African Great Lakes in Tanzania

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Tanzania is the only country bordering all three transboundary East African Great Lakes, i.e., Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Nyasa (Lake...     

Mn3O4/SiO2磁性复合材料的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

先采用化学沉淀/煅烧法制备Mn3O4,再采用水解法制备Mn3O4/SiO2磁性复合材料,并用于对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附.Mn3O4/SiO2的表征结果表明,Mn3O4/SiO2为多孔的核壳结构,BET比表面积达到184.3 m2/g.Mn3O4/SiO2对MB的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程和准二级动力学方程...     

城市自然灾害应急管理中社会参与的评价研究 ——以太原市为例*

随着我国经济建设与社会建设的较快发展,城市自然灾害应急管理研究得到了越来越多的关注。目前城市自然灾害应急管理的研究多着眼于政府层面,尚未对社会力量在城市自然灾害应急管理中的作用进行详细论证。为研究社会力量在城市自然灾害应急活动中的现状,在坚持政府主导的原则下分析了社会参与在城市自然灾害应急管理中的重要作用,提出了社会力量参与城市自然灾害应急管理的评价指标体系,并进一步构建了基于G1方法的城市应急管理中社会参与的评价模型,对社会参与进行定量化分析。在此基础上,以太原市为例进行了实证研究,根据评价结果了解到太原市社会参与的状况,并找到社会参与做的比较好和存在不足的地方,并提出一些改善意见以提高城市自然灾害应急管理中的社会参与水平。     

从组分和性质角度谈污染地块中石油烃的人体健康风险评估

石油烃的人体健康风险评估是污染地块土壤污染风险评估过程中的最常见的问题之一,其远比单一污染物的评估复杂和困难.但我国缺乏针对性的评估方法,实际操作中存在较多误区.因此,对于石油烃概念、性质的归纳总结以及对其健康风险评估方法的研究和探索,具有重要的意义.本文介绍了石油烃的基本概念,分析了不同馏分性质间的关系,回顾并分析了其分析测试方法及人体健康风险评估方法的适用要求及优缺点,提出了指示剂法与分馏法相结合采用典型样品馏分占比进行总体评估的工作方法,进而针对我国当前面临的问题,提出了后续的研究和发展建议.