基于JHA-SMART原则的企业检维修作业安全交底管理系统的构建

为改进检维修作业安全交底不完善的现状,减少检维修作业事故的发生,本文基于T港口企业实践对检维修作业安全交底进行研究。首先运用工作危害分析(JHA)对检维修作业进行系统的危险源辨识;然后依据SMART原则建立由检维修作业环境安全风险信息数据库、检维修工具/设备安全风险信息数据库、特殊作业安全风险信息数据库、检维修作业特有安全风险信息数据库组成的检维修作业安全交底知识库;最后开发检维修作业安全交底派工单,构建检维修作业安全交底信息化管理系统并应用。研究表明:该系统实现了安全交底专业化、便捷化,安全管理规范化、共享化,提高了检维修作业安全管理质量。     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

基于REC模型的污染场地修复决策支持系统的研究

REC模型在污染场地修复决策支持系统中应用广泛且较为成熟.该模型从风险降低(Risk reduction)、环境效益(Environmental merit)和修复费用(Cost)3个方面分析备选修复技术的综合效益,可以更客观地评估备选修复技术的优劣.阐述了污染场地修复决策支持系统的原理,详细介绍了REC模型评估方法,...     

基于PSR模型的长春北湖湿地生态系统健康评价研究

基于PSR模型,以长春北湖湿地生态系统为研究对象,甄选出对生态系统影响明显的因素,研究其各层次指标在多重压力下所产生的响应,从而构建科学完整的指标评价体系。通过研究得出现阶段北湖湿地生态系统健康综合评价指数为0.582 2,处于健康状态边缘;"压力-状态-响应"3个子系统的健康指数分别为0.601,0.485与0.695,其中状态子系统的分值最低,表明北湖湿地状态不稳定,存在湿地退化风险。     

以苯胺和葡萄糖为燃料的微生物燃料电池的产电特性研究

通过构建空气阴极型双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial FueI Cell,MFC),并以苯胺和葡萄糖为燃料,研究了MFC对苯胺的降解特性及MFC 的产电性能.结果表明,在1000Ω电阻下,500mg·L-1葡萄糖为单一燃料时,MFC的最大输出电压为440mV,最大输出功率密度为215mw·m-2.当苯胺的初始浓度为...     

中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及影响因素分析

城市建成区绿地建设有利于改善城市环境,提高人居适宜度,优化城市生态系统服务功能。基于2002—2018年建成区绿化覆盖率及影响因子数据分析了中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及其主要影响因素,结果表明,(1)中国建成区绿化覆盖率在2018年达到了41.11%,相比2002年增加了11.36%,2018年绿化覆盖率达到了35.0%以上的城市占全国城市的93.55%。(2)中国建成区绿化覆盖率存在明显的区域差异。按照华北、东北、华东、中南、西南和西北六个地区划分中国城市区域,华东地区的城市建成区绿化覆盖率最高,中南地区次之,其余四个地区为华北地区>东北地区>西北地区>西南地区;各地区建成区绿化覆盖率随时间发生显著变化(P<0.05),华北地区绿化覆盖率发生显著变化的城市占比最高达94.60%,中南地区最低为65.88%。(3)建成区绿化覆盖率与城市化指标(地区生产总值GDP、地区人均生产总值PGDP、绿化投入LP、建成区面积BUA、城区面积百分比UAP、建成区面积百分比BUAP、总人口TP、城市人口密度UPD、城区人口UP、建成区人口BUP、城区人口百分比UPP、建成区人口百分比BUPP)和气候因子(年平均温度YT、年平均湿度YH和年降雨量YW)均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其中PGDP、LI、BUAP、UAP、UPD、BUPP和YT、YW、YH是影响建成区绿化覆盖率的最主要因子。本研究结果可为中国未来城市绿地建设均衡发展提供重要的理论参考依据。     

On the forming mechanism of the cleaning airflow of pulse-jet fabric filters

To reveal the formation mechanism of a pulse-jet airflow’s cleaning effect in a filter bag, a theoretical model is built by using the theory of the gas jet and unitary adiabatic flow according to given specifications and dimensions of the bags and resistance characteristics of the cloth and dust layer. It is about the relationship between cleaning system structure and operating parameters. The model follows the principle that the flow and kinetic energy of jet flow injected into a filter bag should be consistent with the flow of cleaning airflow in the bag and the pressure drop flowing through the filter cloth and dust layer. The purpose of the model is to achieve the peak pressure of cleaning airflow, which dominates the effect of the pulse-jet cleaning process. The cleaning system structure includes air pressure in the nozzle, structure and size of nozzle, exit velocity of nozzle, jet distance, and diameter of jet cross section. Based on the condition of the cleaning system structure and operating parameters established by using the theoretical model, Fluent software is applied to carry out a numerical simulation of the jet airflow field at the nozzle’s outlet, jet airflow field between nozzle and bag top, and cleaning airflow field in the filter bag. Experimental results are used to verify the reliability of the theoretical model. They are obtained in a pilot-scale test filter with a single bag, with length 2 m and in general full-scale dimensions of the cleaning system. The results show that when any rectification measure is not installed at the bag opening, the cross-sectional area covered by the jet gas is hardly sufficient to cover the entire area of the bag opening. A large portion of the gases injected into the filter bag will overflow reversely upward from the edge due to pressure differences between the upper area and lower area inside the bag opening. This led to a serious shortage of the cleaning airflow and ar limited increase in static pressure. When a venturi-type rectifier tube is installed at the bag opening, the jet flow is converted to funnel flow for which the cross-section velocity distribution is more uniform at the throat of the rectifier tube due to the guided effects of the upper tapered pipe. Then it is transited to stressful flow below the bag opening via rectified effects of the lower dilated pipe. The results show that the gap between the static pressure of gas in the bag and the expected value is significantly reduced. The theoretical value of the nozzle diameter is enlarged to compensate for two aspects of adverse effects of cleaning airflow and energy. This is because the flow is not a purely free-form jet from the nozzle to the entrance of the rectifier tube and because the gas suffers from local resistance while flowing through the rectifier tube. The numerical simulation and experiment show that the peak pressure of cleaning airflow in the filter bag is able to reach the expected value. The results confirm that the mechanism of the pulse-jet cleaning airflow and the calculation method of the pulse-jet cleaning system structure and operating parameters offered in this study are correct. The study results provide a scientific basis for designing the system of pulse-jet fabric filters.

Implications: Pulse-jet cleaned fabric filters are commonly used for air pollution control in many industries. Pulse-jet cleaning is widely used for this purpose as it enables frequent cleaning while the filter is operating. However, the theoretical system of the forming mechanism of the pulse-jet cleaning has not formed so far. This indicates the theoretical model plays an important role in designing effective pulse-jet cleaned fabric filters.     

海水中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的快速检测方法建立

为构建海水中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)快速检测方法,采用胶体金酶联免疫层析技术,利用抗DEP单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株进行腹水制备。以邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(MEP)-OVA为包被抗原,羊抗鼠IgG为二抗,优化抗原抗体配对组合和胶体金-抗体标记条件,最后组装获得快速检测DEP胶体金免疫层析试纸条。利用包括DEP在内的12种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物标准溶液检测试纸条的灵敏度和特异性,并利用人造海水作为稀释溶剂检测试纸条的海水环境适应性。结果显示：纯化后抗体效价最高可以达到1∶30 000以上,胶体金溶液与抗体最佳标记条件为pH=7.2,抗体最佳标记量为6 μL·mL-1;所制备胶体金酶联免疫层析(GICA)试纸条对DEP的检测特异性较高,在人造海水条件下试纸条对DEP的检测限可达20 μg·L-1,适用于海水中DEP的快速检测。     

双阴极MFC启动过程中的电化学特性

构建以污水处理厂二沉池污泥接种的双阴极微生物燃料电池（MFC）,用循环伏安法（CV）、交流阻抗法（EIS）表征了MFC启动阶段的电化学特性。结果表明：经过3个周期的运行,输出电压稳定,反应器启动成功,启动阶段厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧部分输出电压的最大值分别为175和336 mV。缺氧阴极,厌氧阳极电极生物膜CV检测中出现氧化还原峰,随着启动时间的增加,其峰值电流逐渐增大;而好氧阴极电极生物膜的CV检测结果中未出现明显的氧化还原峰。悬浮污泥的CV检测结果中出现了成对的氧化还原峰,表明生物代谢过程中有电子中介体产生。EIS结果说明电极的欧姆内阻和扩散内阻基本保持不变,极化内阻在不断减小,很好地反映了产电微生物在电极上富集的过程。启动成功后缺氧、厌氧和好氧电极的极化内阻值分别为2.86、2.33和57.64 Ω,好氧阴极极化内阻值较大,表明其电极生物膜催化能力较弱。     

利用天敌控制水葫芦疯长研究

水葫芦象甲对２３个科、４６种植物不产生危害，只取食水葫芦，是单食性昆虫。象甲对水葫芦重量控制平均为５４．３％，株高控制为４２．４％，根长控制为１９．２％，叶片控制为１０．６％，植株分蘖控制率达３２％。象甲在昆明具有良好的生物学适应性。对控制滇池水葫芦疯长，恢复生物多样性、保持生态平衡具有重要价值。