雷达电磁环境的联合建模与仿真

随着雷达灵敏度、精度的提高,对电磁环境的依赖性也越来越大.首先分析了美军的联合建模与仿真系统(JMASS),指出建立一个综合的、可重用的雷达电磁仿真环境是电子战仿真的关键;重点研究了基于球不变随机过程(SIRP)的K分布杂波模型,以及地面/海面的多路径效应模型;最后建立了雷达电磁环境的模型并进行了仿真.     

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(3D-EC) reactor with introduction of activated carbon(AC) as particle micro-electrodes was applied for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions(current density of 500 A/m~2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L), the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD_(cr)), NH3–N, total organic carbon(TOC), and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm(UV_(254)) of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) were 76.6, 20.1, and42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD_(cr) was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978-1996). The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(2D-EC) reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis revealed that electrochemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.     

采用活性污泥富集与回收废水中碳源的实验研究

以活性污泥为吸附剂,研究了城市污水中的有机物的强化富集与有效回收的方法与参数.在连续运行模式下,活性污泥对废水中的有机物具有较好的富集效果,COD平均吸附率达到63%,且约50%的溶解性碳源分布在细胞外部,在温和条件下就能被解吸;对氮、磷的吸附效果差异较大,磷的吸附量可达76%,对氮的吸附量较小,氨氮吸附率仅13%.同时,实验还研究了常规 (pH=7.5, 20℃)、加热（pH=7.5, 60℃）和碱性加热（pH=11, 60℃）条件下,污泥水解对有机物、氮和磷的释放情况.结果表明,碱性加热条件更有利于碳源的释放,水解24 h后,挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）对COD的释放率达到了320 mg/g;但氮、磷的释放量有限,释放率（水解8 h,稳定）分别为18 mg/g和2 mg/g.利用活性污泥对污染物的吸附与解吸作用,能够实现废水中碳源的回收,且回收碳源中氮、磷浓度低,对回收碳源的再利用效果影响较小.     

Interaction and independence on methane oxidation of landfill cover soil among three impact factors: water, oxygen and ammonium

To understand the influence patterns and interactions of three important environmental factors, i.e. soil water content, oxygen concentration, and ammonium addition, on methane oxidation, the soils from landfill cover layers were incubated under full factorial parameter settings. In addition to the methane oxidation rate, the quantities and community structures of methanotrophs were analyzed to determine the methane oxidation capacity of the soils. Canonical correspondence analysis was utilized to distinguish the important impact factors. Water content was found to be the most important factor influencing the methane oxidation rate and Type II methanotrophs, and the optimum value was 15% (w/w), which induced methane oxidation rates 10- and 6- times greater than those observed at 5% (w/w) and 20% (w/w), respectively. Ambient oxygen conditions were more suitable for methane oxidation than 3% oxygen. The addition of 100 mg-N·kg_drysoil⁻¹ of ammonium induced different effects on methane oxidation capacity when conducted at low or high water content. With regard to the methanotrophs, Type II was sensitive to the changes of water content, while Type I was influenced by oxygen content. Furthermore, the methanotrophic acidophile, Verrucomicrobia, was detected in soils with a pH of 4.9, which extended their known living environments.     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价体系研究

深入分析了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价体系的构建依据,提出了评价体系结构.首先根据全过程管理理论及系统论中的层次分析法,构造了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力集,在此基础上结合冰雪灾害的特点提出了能力因素集.其次调研湖南省30位政府部门应急管理专家,根据专家意见最后确立重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价体系结构,为能力评价研究打下基...     

汞对小麦幼苗生长发育和生理功能的影响

本文比较系统地研究了汞对小麦幼苗生长发育和生理功能的影响。汞处理的小麦发芽率、幼苗生长发育受到抑制,蒸腾强度、叶绿素含量降低。不同处理的小麦幼苗呼吸强度也发生了明显地变化,其影响程度与苗龄有关,汞处理还有诱导小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶产生新谱带的作用,使小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶带增加了两条,酶的活性也有所变化。这些特性都是小麦幼苗对汞伤害的生理反应。     

苹果树长期接触低浓度SO2对生长的影响

本文报道用四套开顶式熏气装置对四棵十一年生国光苹果树进行一个生长季低浓度SO_2熏气的试验结果,各罩内SO_2浓度分别为O(CK)、0.10、0.18和0.28 mg/m~3,结果表明,0.10 mg/m的SO_2对试验树的光合作用速率、叶面积、单位叶片重量和当年生枝条生长量无明显影响;0.18 mg/m有轻度影响;0.28mg/m影响显著。     

磷酸废水封闭循环处理的实验研究

本法由４个化工单元操作组成：旋流离心分离、絮凝、重力沉降和混合稠浆过滤。实验结果表明：第１级旋流离心分离效率在８０％以上。第２级含固相细粒的旋流溢流采用絮凝预处理后,沉降速度提高近３０倍,清液含固量在２００×１０－６以下。１、２级稠浆在混合比为１．５可达良好的过滤性能。本实验结果为磷酸废水封闭循环处理工艺设计、设备设计,以及操作控制提供了理论依据。     

建筑业工业噪声污染特性分析

对某建筑公司所属企业的生产性噪声进行了监测,分析结果表明:厂区138个测点噪声Leq为74～112 dB,平均Leq为89.2 dB。83.3%的测点集中在80～100 dB区间,超标率达52.9%。噪声距离衰减呈高度负相关(r=-0.9902,p<0.01)。暴露于噪声环境下的生产人数占总生产人数的27.7%,暴露于90 dB以上的人数占全部暴露人数的84.8%。针对以上状况,提出合理建议和改良措施。      

环境科学的新任务——为《环境科学》创刊十周年而作

十年来,环境科学进入了一个新的阶段。 这十年,科学技术又有迅猛的发展,对人类社会和全球环境产生巨大影响。 一、当今科学技术进步的主要特征 科学革命和技术革命愈来愈汇合成统一的过程,科学、技术、生产与环境的相互作用