太湖表层水体及沉积物中双酚A类似物的分布特征及潜在风险

本研究对太湖表层水和沉积物中7种双酚A类似物(BPs)的浓度水平及分布特征进行了调查,并对其潜在的风险进行了评估.结果表明太湖表层水中双酚F(BPF)、双酚S(BPS)和双酚A(BPA)为主要的BPs组分;沉积物中BPA对BPs总浓度的贡献率最高,其次为BPF和BPS,且与沉积物中TOC含量具有显著的正相关;BPA、BPF和BPS在表层水和沉积物中的高浓度水平均分布在太湖入湖支流(采样点S4~S10).风险评估表明BPs的联合毒性风险熵表现出低生态风险,且对人体不具有明显的健康风险.     

黄山PM10中二元羧酸类化合物的季节变化特征及其来源

为研究黄山大气PM_(10)中二元羧酸类化合物的季节变化特征,分别于2015年夏季、冬季在黄山山顶采集PM_(10)样品,并分析二元羧酸、酮羧酸和α-二羰基化合物.结果表明,无论在夏季还是冬季,草酸(HOOC—COOH,C_2)均是浓度最高的二元羧酸,其次是丙二酸(HOOC—CH_2—COOH,C_3)、丁二酸[HOOC—(CH_2)_2—COOH,C_4],这与其它高海拔地区的分子组成是相似的.大部分二元羧酸的浓度呈冬低夏高的季节变化特征,但是冬季己二酸(C_6)和邻苯二甲酸(Ph)的浓度约高于夏季的2倍,表明冬季黄山大气受周边地区所排放的人为污染物的影响更大.作为二元羧酸的重要前体物,乙二醛(Gly)与甲基乙二醛(mGly)的浓度呈冬高夏低的季节变化特征,表明夏季黄山气溶胶的氧化性比冬季强.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,黄山冬季SOA主要来自人为源的长距离传输,而夏季SOA主要是当地生物源经二次氧化形成.气溶胶无机模型(AIM)的计算结果表明,黄山夏季的C_2主要是经酸催化反应二次形成的.     

苯酚的褐煤吸附过程及影响因素分析

以污染物苯酚为研究对象,褐煤作为吸附剂,通过批量实验研究了褐煤对废水中苯酚的吸附特性,考察了褐煤粒径、褐煤投加量、反应温度、反应p H、反应时间对吸附作用的影响,并对吸附过程进行了分析。采用Lagergren动力学方程和拟二级吸附动力学方程分析苯酚吸附过程,结果表明,褐煤对苯酚的吸附动力学曲线更符合拟二级吸附动力学方程,反应初始速率随着苯酚初始浓度的升高而增大,但随着煤粉粒径的增大而减小。颗粒内扩散模型对苯酚的吸附动力学曲线分析结果表明:苯酚在褐煤上的吸附首先经历了速率较快的膜扩散控制阶段,进而经历了吸附较缓慢的颗粒内扩散控制阶段,最后到达吸附平衡,褐煤对苯酚的吸附过程主要受到颗粒内扩散控制。     

我国工业危险废物的来源、处理及监管对策与建议

通过大量环境统计数据的分析,对我国工业危险废物的产生、综合利用、处置和贮存,从行业来源、区域分布进行了分析和总结。结合我国工业危险废物企业自建设施和政府集中处理设施处理情况,对我国工业危险废物的处理和环保监管对策提出了若干建议。     

京津冀区域燃煤发电行业大气污染物排放时空变化特征研究

为了科学评估京津冀区域燃煤发电行业特别排放限值和超低排放相关要求实施后的大气污染物减排效果,以行业调查数据为基础,建立了2013年和2015年京津冀区域燃煤发电行业大气污染物排放清单,分析了装机容量与SO_2、NO_x和烟尘排放量的时空耦合关系,讨论了国家相关政策和标准的实施效果。结果显示:区域内2015年燃煤机组装机容量与2013年相比略有下降,SO_2、NO_x和烟尘排放量分别下降75.95%、83.09%和71.20%,减排效果明显。2015年100 MW以下等级机组3种污染物排放总量位居各机组首位,建议通过多种合理方式压减小型燃煤发电机组数量和排放浓度。     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.     

Amoxicillin effects on functional microbial community and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in amoxicillin manufacture wastewater treatment system

This study aimed to reveal how amoxicillin(AMX) affected the microbial community and the spread mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in the AMX manufacture wastewater treatment system. For this purpose, a 1.47 L expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) reactor was designed and run for 241 days treating artificial AMX manufacture wastewater. 454 pyrosequencing was applied to analyze functional microorganisms in the system. The antibiotic genes OXA_(-1), OXA_(-2), OXA_(-10), TEM_(-1), CTX-M_(-1), class I integrons(intI1) and 16 SrRNA genes were also examined in sludge samples. The results showed that the genera Ignavibacterium, Phocoenobacter,Spirochaeta, Aminobacterium and Cloacibacillus contributed to the degradation of different organic compounds(such as various sugars and amines). And the relative quantification of eachβ-lactam resistance gene in the study was changed with the increasing of AMX concentration.Furthermore the vertical gene transfer was the main driver for the spread of ARGs rather than horizontal transfer pathways in the system.     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials induced pulmonary surfactant inhibition, cytotoxicity, inflammation and lung fibrosis

Environmental exposure and health risk upon engineered nanomaterials are increasingly concerned. The family of mesoporous carbon nanomaterials(MCNs) is a rising star in nanotechnology for multidisciplinary research with versatile applications in electronics,energy and gas storage, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, there is mounting concern on their environmental health risks due to the growing production and usage of MCNs. The lung is the primary site for particle invasion under environmental exposure to nanomaterials. Here, we studied the comprehensive toxicological profile of MCNs in the lung under the scenario of moderate environmental exposure. It was found that at a low concentration of 10 μg/mL MCNs induced biophysical inhibition of natural pulmonary surfactant. Moreover, MCNs at similar concentrations reduced viability of J774 A.1 macrophages and lung epithelial A549 cells.Incubating with nature pulmonary surfactant effectively reduced the cytotoxicity of MCNs.Regarding the pro-inflammatory responses, MCNs activated macrophages in vitro, and stimulated lung inflammation in mice after inhalation exposure, associated with lung fibrosis.Moreover, we found that the size of MCNs played a significant role in regulating cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of this nanomaterial. In general, larger MCNs induced more pronounced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects than their smaller counterparts. Our results provided valuable information on the toxicological profile and environmental health risks of MCNs, and suggested that fine-tuning the size of MCNs could be a practical precautionary design strategy to increase safety and biocompatibility of this nanomaterial.     

恶臭污染排放源指纹谱编制及初步应用

为了识别恶臭污染源排放特征以及了解不同行业恶臭物质排放差异,对恶臭污染排放源指纹谱指标物质进行了筛选,并依据筛选结果对6家典型恶臭排放企业进行样品采集及分析,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.结果表明:①通过物质嗅觉阈值与AMGE（ambient multimedia environmental goals,周围环境目标值）和RfC（reference concentration,健康风险参考浓度）对比以及结合国内外恶臭标准受控物质和现有的标准检测方法,最终确定了包括三甲胺、硫化氢、甲硫醇等典型恶臭物质在内的19种物质作为指纹谱指标物质.②依据我国现行的标准监测分析方法对19种恶臭指标物进行检测,初步得到了各家企业的恶臭物质指纹谱数据,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.③指纹谱成分分析结果显示,污水处理厂主要的恶臭物质是硫化氢,ρ（硫化氢）为44.566 mg/m3;涂料企业ρ（甲基乙基酮）、ρ（丁醛）和ρ（乙酸乙酯）较高,分别为39.037、28.757、27.840 mg/m3;制药企业ρ（丙醛）较高,为4.791 mg/m3;汽车和家具制造企业ρ（二甲苯）较高,分别为15.209和2.081 mg/m3.④应用分歧系数法分析不同企业指纹谱之间的相似程度,分析结果显示,分歧系数在0.331~0.809之间,不同企业之间指纹谱存在较大差异.研究显示,建立恶臭污染排放源指纹谱可进行恶臭源排放特征识别,为恶臭污染溯源提供基础数据和科学依据.      

深圳湾沉积物重金属污染时空分布特征

根据1992~2013年间深圳湾沉积物的监测数据,重点分析了重金属砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）和锌（Zn）含量、来源、相关性、污染程度和生态风险等污染状况。深圳湾沉积物中重金属含量存在明显的时空分布特征。1992~2013年间,深圳湾尤其是近岸海域,沉积物重金属含量的基本变化趋势为先增加后下降,重金属含量在2000~2009年间相对较高;Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Zn的含量从湾内到湾口逐渐降低。重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和As的富集因子指数较高,说明这4种重金属主要来自人类活动。Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn之间存在明显的相关性,具有相似污染途径和迁移过程。深圳湾底泥中重金属Pb、Zn和Cu属于轻微污染程度,其他重金属为无污染程度。深圳湾沉积物重金属的生态危害程度为轻微生态风险,重金属中Hg的生态风险指数最高,As和Cd次之。