特征雷达图的设计及其在大气污染成因分析中的应用

为了更好地利用环境监测数据进行污染成因分析,提出数学算法,对多种污染物进行百分比成分谱化,并除以一定时期（或一定区域）的平均值,从而得到标准化特征谱,以消除污染物浓度变化的影响以及不同污染物间浓度值差异的影响;通过设计特征雷达图的方式,直观和快速地展现大气污染特征在时间序列和空间上发生的变化特征,为环境管理部门利用空气质量常规监测数据开展动态决策提供便利.该方法既可利用单点历史数据开展历史特征雷达图分析,也可基于区域多站点数据开展区域特征雷达图分析.该方法在时间序列上可以判断出偏沙尘污染型、偏燃煤污染型、偏二次颗粒物污染型、偏机动车污染型、偏烟花污染型等多个污染类型;在区域分布中可以判断出偏燃煤污染区、偏机动车污染区、偏钢铁污染区等多个区域类型.该方法除可应用于空气质量常规监测数据外,也可应用于其他组分数据如碳质组分、水溶性离子组分及元素组分等数据的分析.      

轻型汽油车尾气PM2.5的排放特征

为研究轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5的排放特征,利用整车测试台架和颗粒物稀释采样系统,对12辆轻型汽油车尾气的PM_2.5进行了采集,并进一步分析了PM_2.5排放因子及其碳质组分——OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)的排放特征;在此基础上,参考文献研究结果,计算了我国轻型汽油车分阶段PM_2.5排放因子,结合活动水平数据估算轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量.结果表明:测试的国Ⅰ前~国Ⅳ轻型汽油车PM_2.5平均排放因子分别为(73.2±3.8)(50.5±45.4)(34.7±18.4)(22.6±10.3)和(1.0±0.2)mg/km,随排放阶段升级而显著降低.OC是轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5中的主要碳质组分,在TC(总碳)中所占比例超过90%. 2012年我国轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量为21 828.7 t,占机动车颗粒物排放总量的3.5%,其中仅占轻型汽油车保有量17%的国Ⅰ及以前车辆排放了约43%的PM_2.5. 研究显示,轻型汽油车尤其是国Ⅰ及国Ⅰ前车辆颗粒物排放不容忽视,在机动车颗粒物减排工作中应给予足够重视.      

从绩效考核到绩效管理——地方党政领导环保绩效提升的有效方法

总结了当前地方党政领导环保绩效考核中存在目的简单化、缺乏科学性、沟通与反馈不足、只注重环保绩效考核结果而忽视环保绩效管理的过程、激励功能弱化和结果利用不充分等问题.分析了从传统地方党政领导环保绩效考核到现代地方党政领导环保绩效管理是管理方式的深刻变革,体现了人本管理的思想、渗透了过程管理的理念,实现了从奖惩依据向绩效提升、能力开发目的的转换,凸显了沟通激励的功能,满足了环保绩效反馈和改进的需要.提出了从地方党政领导环保绩效计划,环保绩效实施、环保绩效考核、环保绩效反馈面谈和环保绩效结果应用等环节来系统构建地方党政领导环保绩效管理体系.     

江苏省化工园区环境风险及应急管理研究

随着江苏省工业化程度的不断提高,化工园区的大量涌现带来的环境风险不容忽视。通过资料收集,分析了江苏省化工园区环境风险的现状以及目前化工园区环境风险应急预案存在的不足,并从园区环保基础设施建设、园区环境风险应急管理、园区对企业的环境风险管理、提高园区环境风险应急响应能力四个方面,提出了加强化工园区环境风险应急预案建设的主要对策与措施,可为化工园区环境风险应急机制体系的建设与完善提供理论基础。     

Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy

Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/small-sized cities in North China Plain (NCP). A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019. A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected. The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m³, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m³ and 32.1 ± 27. 8 μg/m³, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP). Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP). VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction. PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion (33.1%), LPG usage (19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation (15.8%), solvent usage (15.2%), industrial (9.11%) and biogenic (7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively. Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources; and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry, suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.     

草地灌丛化研究进展

草地灌丛化(Shrub encroachment)会导致生态系统结构和功能改变,甚至可能导致干旱区土地退化和荒漠化.本文从降雨、气温、土壤、生物以及人为活动等方面综合分析灌丛化的成因,总结灌丛化对生态系统的影响以及控制灌丛化的有效措施.降水增加及其分配格局的改变通常会促进草地灌丛化;温度升高能够减少灌木冻害,降低灌木死亡率,有利于灌木扩张;由于灌木适应能力较强,土壤退化有利于灌木入侵;过度放牧促进草地灌丛化,而适当的火烧会抑制灌丛的扩展.草地灌丛化会导致草地可用性降低,改变土壤养分与水分分布格局,但对植物多样性及生产力的影响表现出不同的结果.降低人为干扰强度、适当火烧、人工去除灌木是控制草地灌丛化的有效措施,但在不同区域应采用不同组合措施以提高成效.目前灌丛化研究结果多基于对野外自然过程的观察和分析,缺乏大尺度、长时期野外控制实验证据的支持;有关灌丛化草地是否能恢复,哪种条件和措施下可以恢复的全球性认识还不一致;我国草地灌丛化发生时间较长,但对其研究尚处起步阶段,应加强国际对比研究,有利于在更长的时间尺度上阐释草地灌丛化的发生过程和机制.     

合肥台短水准异常与周边地震活动分析

以合肥台跨郯庐断裂短水准数据为基础,结合华东地区中强震及安徽地区小震释放能量分析了历史测量资料在地震期间的变化,研究了辅助资料对测量资料的影响,得出:(1)降水虽可能造成敏感地块的断层形变异常,但在区域应力作用断层到一定强度时断层形变异常仍具有一定的前兆意义.(2)华东地区中强地震、安徽地区小震(群)与合肥台断层形变存...     

过碳酸钠降解水相中罗丹明B的实验研究

以水相中的罗丹明B为研究对象,考察了不同条件下过碳酸钠对罗丹明B染料废水的降解作用。结果表明:在一定浓度范围内,过碳酸钠初始浓度与罗丹明B去除速率呈正相关性。碱性和加温能加快反应速率,当温度超过35℃时,罗丹明B褪色率达到90%以上只需要30min。实验还考察了MnO2和254nm的紫外灯对反应的催化作用,结果表明,254nm的紫外灯其能有效的加快反应的进行。     

New method for harvesting energy from fluid flow based on undulatory motion

In nature, fish have gained wonderful swimming ability over the thousands of years of evolution. As the fish swims, its body, namely, it’s dorsal or tail fin undulates and then alternating waves are sent down the body towards the tip of the tail. These waves generate a jet in the wake and hence a forward force, namely thrust. Scientific studies have already shown that undulatory swimming is a highly effective means of continuous locomotion and has been successfully adopted in many kinds of robotic fishes currently being developed. However, our latest research found that if wave velocity that defines the undulatory motion of the body or the ‘fin’ is less than a specific value, the fishlike body with undulatory motion also has the capability to harvest kinetic energy from flowing fluid. This finding proposes a new energy-harvesting concept which could offer a new and promising solution to support the long-distance voyage of a biomimetic robotic fish.