闽北地区“6.22”特大山体滑坡及其治理对策

１９９８年６月２２日,闽北地区出现百年一遇的特大洪水,从而引发了政和县境里发生特大山体滑坡。本文就此次灾害的灾情、发生条件进行了分析;并对如何识别地质灾害及如何防治滑坡灾害作了进一步分析。     

钢铁行业氮氧化物控制技术及对策

根据2007年第一次全国污染源普查数据,钢铁行业氮氧化物排放量已达81.74万t,约占全国总排放量的4.55％,是继火力发电、机动车、水泥工业后第四大氮氧化物排放源.针对中国重要氮氧化物来源——钢铁工业的氮氧化物生成机制,排放节点及特征,国内外控制技术现状开展综述研究.研究表明,钢铁工业中的氮氧化物的产生以高温型为主.烧结、焦化、炼铁、炼钢、轧钢等过程为主要的氮氧化物排放源.收集并整理了国外在钢铁各工序上的主要氮氧化物控制技术及其在国内的应用状况.在回顾中国钢铁大气污染物控制历程的基础上,提出了中国钢铁行业氮氧化物控制的对策建议.     

Surfactant effect on persistence of oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinones against Pseudaletia separata walker

The photodynamic decomposition of two new insect-growth inhibitors (IGRs), 2-tert-butyl-5-[5′-aryl-2′-(1′,3′,4′-oxadiazolyl)methoxy]-3(2H)-pyridazinones (OPB) and its 4-chloro substituted derivative (OPC), and effect of surfactants on persistence of their bioactivity were taken into investigation. Both chemicals were significantly induced to photolysis by ultraviolet light at 365 nm wavelength and their inhibitory activities against Pseudaletia separata larvae decreased with the increasing irradiation time. However, irradiation at 254 nm wavelength didn't cause their photodegradation. Triton X-100 and Succinic-sulfonie acidic sodium but not Tween 60 possessed strong capability to slow down the decomposition and obviously prolonged the half life of OPC in laboratory and field whilst effects of the three surfactants almost did not preserve the inhibitory activity of OPB. Data suggested that electron-withdrawing halogen (?Cl) on the π electron system in planar benzene-oxadialyl structures might reduce the efficiency of OPC on ultraviolet (UV) photoabsorption, and its hydrophobic interaction with the surfactants might be beneficial for forming stable micellar solubilization, thus sustaining the chemical's bioactivity.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea,China

Materials and methods  

The levels and possible sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the surface sediments of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, China.     

CODcr仪器法与国标测定法的比较

本文通过实验，对5B－3型CODCr快速测定法（简称仪器法）与国标法进行样品分析比较，结果表明，仪器法具有国标法的准确度和精密度，同时，也避免了国标法重铬酸钾法^[1]的不足，能够满足环境应急监测的需要，提高工作效率。     

佛山市冬季大气非甲烷烃的污染特征及来源分析

2008年12月10日—30日在佛山收集38个大气非甲烷烃（NMHCs）样品,并进行定量分析.结果表明,佛山市大气NMHCs浓度水平比较高,其中甲苯浓度最高（（57.83±49.20）μg.m-3）,其次为异戊烷（（49.39±37.55）μg.m-3）、乙炔（（31.00±17.13）μg.m-3）和丙烷（（26.5...     

Characteristics of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons during haze episode in Beijing, China

This study firstly focused on non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) during three successive days with haze episode (16–18 August 2006) in Beijing. Concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and ethyne all peaked at traffic rush hour, implying vehicular emission; and alkanes also peaked at non-traffic rush hour in the daytime, implying additional source. Especially, alkanes and aromatics clearly showed higher levels in the nighttime than that in the daytime, implying their active photochemical reactions in the daytime. Correlation coefficients (R ²) showed that propane, n-butane, i-butane, ethene, propene, and benzene correlated with ethyne (R ²?=?0.61–0.66), suggesting that their main source is vehicular emission; 2-methylpentane and n-hexane correlated with i-pentane (R ²?=?0.61–0.64), suggesting that gasoline evaporation is their main source; and ethylbezene, m-/p-xylene, and o-xylene correlated with toluene (R ²?=?0.60–0.79), suggesting that their main source is similar to that of toluene (e.g., solvent usage). The R ² of ethyne, i-pentane, and toluene with total NMHCs were 0.58, 0.76, and 0.60, respectively, indicating that ambient hydrocarbons are associated with vehicular emission, gasoline evaporation, and solvent usage. The sources of other hydrocarbons (e.g., ethane) might be natural gas leakage, biogenic emission, or long-range transport of air pollutants. Measured higher mean B/T ratio (0.78?±?0.27) was caused by the more intensive photochemical activity of toluene than benzene, still indicating the dominant emission from vehicles.     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.     

水解酸化应用于剩余污泥减量的试验研究

碱减量印染废水生物处理剩余污泥接种培养成熟的水解酸化菌,通过它们的新陈代谢作用,可以实现系统内生命物质的更新和减量,同时降解了污泥吸附的有机物等,达到对剩余污泥减量的目的.在系统污泥减量初期,水解酸化作用对微生物的"液化"、内容物释放和对有机物的生物降解作用是污泥减量的主要原因;随着中间代谢产物的积累,微生物活性受到抑制,试验后期剩余污泥减量主要是微生物内源呼吸的结果.试验条件下,接种了成熟水解酸化细菌的 2 组剩余污泥 MLSS 浓度分别为 7.765 和 11.250 g/L,MLVSS 浓度分别为 4.466和 6.360 g/L,经过 513 h后 MLSS、MLVSS 浓度较开始时分别下降了 40.31%、45.73%和 54.85%、63.18%.一定污泥浓度范围,污泥减量效果与污泥浓度正相关.     

“2+26”城市一次多因素叠加重污染过程的特征分析

2018年11月23日-12月4日,京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市出现了一次长时间、大范围、高强度的复合型大气重污染过程,为揭示区域性重污染过程中多因素的综合作用,利用气象资料、空气质量监测等多源数据以及区域污染特征雷达图,对京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市此次重污染特征和成因进行分析.结果表明:根据PM_2.5/PM₁₀[ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）,下同]可将此次重污染过程划分为4个阶段.第一阶段（2018年11月23-26日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.5~1.0内波动,"2+26"城市大气扩散条件转差,一次污染物局地积累及SO₂、NO_x、NH₃等气态污染物在高湿条件下二次转化是污染形成并发展的主要原因;第二阶段（11月27日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀突降至0.2左右,"2+26"城市北部受形成于蒙古国的沙尘影响,短时ρ（PM₁₀）快速升高（峰值为818 μg/m3）,中南部受形成于内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟的沙尘及上风向PM_2.5污染的传输影响,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）均较高,维持日均重度污染水平（参照GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》和HJ 633-2012《环境空气质量指数（AQI）技术规定（试行）》）;第三阶段（11月28日-12月2日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀由0.3逐渐升至0.8,在静稳、高湿的不利气象条件下,一次污染物积累并二次转化,第二阶段残留沙尘中的矿物质对硫酸盐起到催化作用,导致ρ（PM_2.5）快速上升,"2+26"城市大部分达日均重度及以上污染;第四阶段（12月3-4日）与第二阶段类似,PM_2.5/PM₁₀突降至0.2,"2+26"城市再次受到沙尘天气和区域传输的共同影响,因冷空气持续时间较长,污染被有效清除.研究显示,此次污染过程是气象条件、污染物一次排放和二次转化、区域传输、沙尘天气等多因素综合作用的结果.当静稳、高湿等不利气象条件或沙尘天气出现时,区域应加强对各类污染物排放的管控力度,以降低污染物的一次排放、二次转化以及沙尘和区域传输的共同影响,进而削弱污染严重程度.