再生水中的Pb对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响研究

采用盆栽方法研究再生水、再生水+Pb、清水+Pb处理浇灌萝卜,以清水浇灌为对照对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)土壤总PLFA含量及各菌群生物量从大到小依次为:再生水再生水+Pb清水清水+Pb。再生水灌溉有利于萝卜根际微生物各类群数量的增加,丰富微生物多样性。用含铅的溶液(再生水+Pb、清水+Pb)浇灌萝卜,可抑制土壤微生物各类群的数量,G-受到的抑制尤为明显。(2)主成分分析表明,再生水灌溉与对照相比,土壤微生物群落结构差异最大。(3)土壤微生物各类群与土壤速效钾、硝酸盐氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),真菌、放线菌与土壤有机质含量,G~+、G~-菌与p H均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。G~+、G~-与萝卜地下鲜重均呈极显著负相关(P0.01),土壤微生物各类群与地上部分硝酸盐含量、与根冠比呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

长江经济带二氧化碳净排放时空演变特征及脱钩效应

研究区域CO₂净排放,对“碳中和”战略的实现具有重要意义.以长江经济带为例,在揭示1999～2018年长江经济带CO₂净排放时空演变特征的基础上,分析长江经济带不同区域社会发展与CO₂净排放的脱钩效应,以期为差异化区域产业发展和碳减排路径提供支持.结果表明：(1)1999～2012年长江经济带CO₂排放量上升了2 244.23×10⁶ t,碳汇量在研究时间段增长了148.07×10⁶ t;(2)长江经济带呈现“变绿”趋势,2013～2018年中高碳汇量区域(NPP>800 g·m^-2,以C计)面积较1999～2012年上升了23.25%;(3)长江经济带下游经济社会发展与CO₂净排放脱钩效应较强,上、中和下游强脱钩城市占长江经济带强脱钩城市的比例分别为12%、34%和54%.     

膜电解技术处理含氯及重金属的废酸

采用离子交换膜电解技术处理铜冶炼过程产生的含氯及重金属的废酸。考察了废酸处理工艺、电解温度、电解时间、电流密度和催化剂的添加等条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：采用先沉淀重金属后脱氯的废酸处理工艺,氯离子和铜离子的去除效果均较好;当以钛盐为催化剂时,在电解温度为40 ℃、电解时间为2.0 h、电流密度为825 A/m²的最佳工艺条件下,处理后废酸中的氯离子质量浓度为0.22 g/L,氯离子去除率为98.59%,铜离子质量浓度为0.45 g/L,铜离子去除率为95.08%,其他重金属大部分也得到有效去除。净化后的废酸可回用至铜冶炼的生产过程中。     

海岛海域生物资源利用与海洋农牧化生产布局新发展的研究——以长山群岛为例

论文在对海岛海域适宜发展海洋农牧化生产的空间资源、环境因子和海洋生物资源进行评价的基础上,对长山群岛海洋农牧化生产的发展过程、生产特征进行了详尽的分析。尤其对贝类养殖中的扇贝生产所具有的全国意义以及不同扇贝品种的海域养殖差异等也进行了论述。论文应用主成分分析方法,对长山群岛中各主要海岛的海洋农牧化生产的综合实力水平进行了评估,并在此基础划分出北部以王家、石城,中部以广鹿、大、小长山,南部以獐子、海洋3个海洋农牧化生产海域。根据各农牧化区的海域资源、环境以及生产结构特征,对各岛提出了主要养殖品种的布局与今后发展对策。     

PSAT和BPA在电力系统潮流计算中的对比研究

针对当前电力系统分析程序存在差异的问题,从潮流计算角度,对比研究了国内目前使用较为普遍的2款潮流计算程序(PSAT和PSD-BPA),分析了收敛误差、发电机分接头、负荷比例等不同初值条件设置对其潮流计算结果的影响。分析结果表明:PSAT在建模、可视化和自定义方面具有一定优势,比较适合小规模电网仿真和自定义元件模型研究;而BPA的计算速度快,计算精度高,比较适合大规模电网仿真。     

Effect of Macroalgal Expansion and Marine Protected Areas on Coral Recovery Following a Climatic Disturbance

Disturbance plays an important role in structuring marine ecosystems, and there is a need to understand how conservation practices, such as the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), facilitate postdisturbance recovery. We evaluated the association of MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass, substrate type, postdisturbance coral cover, and change in macroalgal cover with coral recovery on the fringing reefs of the inner Seychelle islands, where coral mortality after a 1998 bleaching event was extensive. We visually estimated benthic cover and fish biomass at 9 sites in MPAs where fishing is banned and at 12 sites where fishing is permitted in 1994, 2005, 2008, and 2011. We used analysis of variance to examine spatial and temporal variations in coral cover and generalized additive models to identify relations between coral recovery and the aforementioned factors that may promote recovery. Coral recovery occurred on all substrate types, but it was highly variable among sites and times. Between 2005 and 2011 the increase in coral cover averaged 1%/year across 21 sites, and the maximum increase was 4%/year. However, mean coral cover across the study area (14%) remained at half of 1994 levels (28%). Sites within MPAs had faster rates of coral recovery than sites in fished areas only where cover of macroalgae was low and had not increased over time. In MPAs where macroalgae cover expanded since 1998 there was no recovery. Where coral was recovering on granite reefs there was a shift in relative prevalence of colony life‐form from branching to encrusting species. This simplification of reef structure may affect associated reef fauna even if predisturbance levels of coral cover are attained. Efecto de la Expansión de Macroalgas y Áreas Marinas Protegidas sobre la Recuperación de Coral Después de una Perturbación Climática     

Spatial heterogeneity influences native and nonnative plant species richness

Spatial heterogeneity may have differential effects on the distribution of native and nonnative plant species richness. We examined the effects of spatial heterogeneity on native and nonnative plant species richness distributions in the central part of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Spatial heterogeneity around vegetation plots was characterized using landscape metrics, environmental/topographic variables (slope, aspect, elevation, and distance from stream or river), and soil variables (nitrogen, clay, and sand). The landscape metrics represented five components of landscape heterogeneity and were measured at four spatial extents (within varying radii of 120, 240, 480, and 960 m) using the FRAGSTATS landscape pattern analysis program. Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size (AICc) was used to select the best models from a set of multiple linear regression models developed for native and nonnative plant species richness at four spatial extents and three levels of ecological hierarchy (i.e., landscape, land cover, and community). Both native and nonnative plant species richness were positively correlated with edge density, Simpson's diversity index and interspersion/juxtaposition index, and were negatively correlated with mean patch size. The amount of variation explained at four spatial extents and three hierarchical levels ranged from 30% to 70%. At the landscape level, the best models explained 43% of the variation in native plant species richness and 70% of the variation in nonnative plant species richness (240-m extent). In general, the amount of variation explained was always higher for nonnative plant species richness, and the inclusion of landscape metrics always significantly improved the models. The best models explained 66% of the variation in nonnative plant species richness for both the conifer land cover type and lodgepole pine community. The relative influence of the components of spatial heterogeneity differed for native and nonnative plant species richness and varied with the spatial extent of analysis and levels of ecological hierarchy. The study offers an approach to quantify spatial heterogeneity to improve models of plant biodiversity. The results demonstrate that ecologists must recognize the importance of spatial heterogeneity in managing native and nonnative plant species.