基于层次分析法的事故隐患模糊综合评价研究

根据某市重特大事故隐患评估的实际情况,结合其不同特点将其分为7大类,4种等级。以泄漏类事故隐患为例,建立了泄漏类事故隐患评估指标体系,对事故隐患的影响因素进行量化,利用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重,采用模糊综合评价方法对其进行评估,计算出隐患等级。评估结果与实际评估结果相一致。该方法已在实际工作中得到了验证,对重大事故隐患的评估有一定的参考作用。     

WATER MANAGEMENT AND N,P LOSSES FROM PADDY FIELDS IN SOUTHERN KOREA1

ABSTRACT: Assessment and control of nutrient losses from paddy fields is important to protect water quality of lakes and streams in Korea. A four‐year field study was carried out to investigate water management practices and losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in rice paddy irrigation fields in southern Korea. The amount and water quality of rainfall, irrigation, surface drainage, and infiltration were measured and analyzed to estimate inputs and losses of N and P. The observed irrigation amount surpassed consumptive use, and approximately 52 to 69 percent of inflow (precipitation plus irrigation) was lost to surface drainage. Field data showed that significant amounts of irrigation water and rainfall were not effectively used for rice paddy culture. Water quality data indicated that drainage from paddy fields could degrade the recipient water environment. The nutrient balance indicated that significant amounts of nutrients (29.5 percent of total N and 8.6 percent of total P compared to input) were lost through surface drainage. Furthermore, up to half the nutrient losses occurred during nonstorm periods. The study results indicate that inadequate water management influences N and P losses during both storm and nonstorm periods. Proper water management is required to reduce nutrient losses through surface drainage from paddy fields; this includes such measures as minimum irrigation, effective use of rainfall, adoption of proper drainage outlet structures, and minimized forced surface drainage.     

西部大开发中“西气东输”的储量保证与可持续发展

在西部大开发中 ,能源占有举足轻重的作用。我国西部的塔里木、准噶尔、吐 -哈、柴达木、鄂尔多斯、四川等六大含油气盆地含有丰富的天然气资源 ,储量大于 5 0 0× 10 8m3的 9个大气田中 ,西部就占 7个。中国天然气预测资源总量为 38× 10 12 m3,其中西部天然气预测资源量为 2 2 .4× 10 12 m3,占天然气预测资源总量的 5 8.9%。仅就西部的塔里木盆地而言 ,剩余可采储量为 3397× 10 8m3,按年产 12 0× 10 8m3计算 ,储采比为 2 8,塔里木盆地天然气有动态稳产 30年的储量保证 ,这对于“西气东输”工程的实施、西部经济的腾飞和可持续发展具有重要意义     

Prevalence of low back pain in three occupational groups in Shanghai, People's Republic of China

PROBLEM: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent work-related conditions affecting employed populations in developed countries, yet little is known about this condition among the world's largest, single-nation labor force: The People's Republic of China. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among garment workers, battery/kiln workers, and teachers in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Data were collected by personal interview and physical examination at six work sites. The overall response rate was 78%. RESULTS: The overall (N=383) self-reported annual prevalence of LBP symptoms lasting 24 hours or more was 50%. Garment workers had a higher annual prevalence of LBP (74%) than teachers (40%), prevalence ratio (PR=1.9, 95% CI=1.4-2.4). DISCUSSION: The overall annual prevalence of self-reported LBP (50%) was higher than that reported among 50 other Chinese employed study populations (30%). Healthy worker effects may have limited the conclusions from this cross-sectional study. SUMMARY: These results suggest that LBP is a prevalent condition in Chinese workers and that more work should be done to estimate its impact on the Chinese workforce. The findings for garment workers were consistent with increased risk of LBP among persons doing work in fixed, sedentary postures.     

A model of fishing vessel accident probability

Problem: Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. Method: The researchers develop a fishing vessel accident probability model for fishing areas off the northeastern United States using logit regression and daily data from 1981 to 1993. Results: The results indicate that fishing vessel accident probability declined over the study period. Higher wind speed is associated with greater accident probability. Medium-size vessels have the highest accident probability, while small vessels have the lowest. Within the study region, accident probability is lower in the southwestern section than in the northeastern section. Accidents are likely to occur closer to shore than offshore. Accident probability is lowest in spring. Impact on Industry: The probability model is an important building block in development and quantitative assessment of management mechanisms related to safety in the commercial fishing industry.     

絮凝和生化一体化反应器处理纸浆漂白废水

絮凝、厌氧酸化、生物接触氧化一体化反应器处理造纸制浆含氯漂白废水研究表明,在水力停留时间为１５ｈ 时,ＣＯＤ总去除率达８３．９％ ,毒性去除率９２％ ． ＧＣ－ＭＳ、超滤实验结果表明：原废水污染物是以氯代酚为主的氯代有机物,其中毒性物质主要来源于相对分子质量小于１０００的低分子物质． 絮凝单元去除的主要是大分子氯代有机物,厌氧单元通过还原脱氯及酸性水解,氯代有机物得到了基本的去除． 好氧单元对ＣＯＤ有较高的去除率,低分子量的酸性组分和烷烃类明显增加,表明污染物得到了进一步的氧化降解．     

发动机的绿色化学设计

发动机绿色化学设计以发动机化学设计概念和发动机化学反应器模型为基础,旨在实现发动机材料选择、能源利用和环境效应之间的最佳综合效益．发动机燃料系统绿色化学设计的范畴包括：汽油无铅化与汽油抗磨性,柴油低硫化与柴油润滑性,生态燃料与生态摩擦学,汽油机沉积物与汽油清净剂,柴油机颗粒（碳烟）与消烟助燃剂． 发动机润滑系统绿色化学设计的范畴包括：润滑油和添加剂与排放催化转化,润滑剂生物降解性与生物降解润滑剂,润滑油使用与质量监控． 发动机燃料／润滑系统材料绿色化学设计的范畴包括：催化助燃／补燃作用,低散热发动机高温润滑,发动机机械与化学材料制造． 发动机绿色效应的实现取决于发动机诸系统绿色化学设计问题的解决程度．     

编研“中国西部开发综合安全减灾规划战略”的建议

中国西部大开发作为历史性的壮举 ,重在要有创新思路及观念的大转变。安全减灾作为一种国策及保障手段 ,必须是西部开发的先决条件 ,如果忽略了安全减灾规划战略的布署和开发行动 ,必然迟早要招致悲惨的后果。笔者提出此建议 ,旨在为中国西部开发探索一条生态、安全、减灾和谐发展之路 ,意在促进西部开发健康而有序的可持续发展。     

我国环境产业现状及环境市场急需的重点产品

环保产业是２１世纪新的经济增长点,是未来的世纪性产业。本文阐述了我国环保产业现状、问题及建议;介绍了我国环保市场急需的重点环境污染治理技术及产品,以其引起人们的关注,转变环保市场机制,开发重点环保产品,加速我国环保产业的发展。