管窥新闻联播2008年冰冻灾害报道

2008年我国南方出现了严重的冰冻灾害,《新闻联播》对其进行了大量报道。研究这些报道,发现存在如下三个方面问题：灾害事件的突发性和新闻报道的滞后性;灾害事件的破坏性和新闻报道的趋利性;灾害事件的客观性和新闻报道的主观倾向性。究其原因,《新闻联播》缺乏深入调查的工作作风,新闻敏感和新闻价值的判定失去了独立的地位。所以,新闻报道只有平衡“党群关系”,改变“机关作风”,向草根媒体汲取营养才能促进主流媒体的发展。     

Raman and SERS spectra of thiamethoxam and the Ag3–thiamethoxam complex: an experimental and theoretical investigation

Dutch water boards have a well-established program for monitoring pesticide contamination of surface waters. These monitoring data have been processed into a graphic format accessible online and designed to provide insight into pesticide presence in Dutch surface waters and trends over time: the Pesticides Atlas (http://www.pesticidesatlas.nl). With this tool one can easily get maps of where a pesticide is being measured and where it might possibly constitute an environmental problem over the years. Presently, results of the periods 1997/1998 until 2005/2006 are available at the level of individual active ingredients. At a national level, the percentage of pesticides concentrations that exceed the maximum tolerable risk has declined 30% to 38% over the years 2003/2004 compared with 1997/1998. This means that surface water quality in the Netherlands has improved with respect to pesticides, however there are still many locations at which the measured concentrations exceed the environmental quality standards. The results on linking land use to pesticides concentrations were shown to assist in optimization of monitoring programs. By developing the present Internet tool, many new opportunities for environmental risk assessment and risk management were identified, e.g. optimization of monitoring strategies and communication to policymakers.     

浅析宜昌市城区PM_(2.5)污染特征及防治对策研究

依据2013年白龙岗站点自动监测数据,对PM2.5污染特征及手工采集的PM2.5膜中水溶性阴离子进行分析,并结合实际提出相应的防治对策。结果表明,PM2.5作为首要污染物,其分布具有季节性特征,冬季最高,夏季最低;灰霾日PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2具有相同的变化趋势;NO-3/SO2-4的比值表明宜昌市呈现工业污染和机动车尾气污染的复合污染特征。     

狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+与Pb2+的吸附及机理分析

为了解狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)活性炭的吸附性能及其机理,采用磷酸一步活化法制备了狭叶香蒲活性炭,并对其理化性质进行了表征;通过静态实验,研究了溶液起始pH、Cd2+和Pb2+浓度、吸附时间、温度、活性炭剂量对狭叶香蒲活性炭吸附水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的影响。狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附量随溶液起始pH与温度的增加而增加,吸附平衡时间约为10 min;热力学分析表明,吸附过程自发而且吸热,吸附动力学实验结果符合拟二级动力学模型, Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地拟合狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+的吸附, Pb2+的平衡吸附量与Freundlich模型的拟合性更好。25℃条件下,由Langmuir线性模型拟合得到的Cd2+和Pb2+最大吸附量Qm分别为83.33和116.28 mg/g。狭叶香蒲活性炭的理化性质分析表明,活性炭表面凹凸不平、多孔,比表面积为780.42 m2/g、孔容23.29 mL/g、平均孔径3.14 nm;活性炭含有羟基、磷酸基、C[FY=, 1]C键等,等电点为3.3。结果表明,狭叶香蒲活性炭是Cd2+和Pb2+吸附的有效吸附剂,吸附过程包括静电吸附、离子交换等。     

全固态硝酸根离子选择电极的性能分析

以一种全固态离子选择电极为研究对象,探究影响全固态硝酸根离子选择电极性能的因素。针对离子选择电极的稳定性、斜率、响应范围、检测下限、选择性系数、响应时间等主要性能指标的影响因素分别进行分析,得到优化的全固态硝酸根离子选择电极的制作条件。对玻碳电极进行预处理,采用聚苯胺作为导电聚合物,在电极敏感膜中加入三（十二烷基）甲基氯化铵作为离子添加剂,用旋涂法做出表面光洁、厚度为0.4 mm均匀的电极膜。该电极斜率高,检测下限低,响应时间短,电极的电阻较小,选择性好,对于硝酸根的长期在线检测有重要意义。     

离子色谱法测定环境水样中的氨氮

使用离子色谱分析地表水、地下水、饮用水源等环境水样中的氨氮,以甲磺酸为流动相,采用等度淋洗,进一次样品可同时检测其它多种阳离子,操作方便,考察了方法的精密度和准确度,并对氨氮标准曲线进行了简要分析,氨氮定量范围为0.04 mg/l～15 mg/l,可满足环境监测要求。     

成都市大气中挥发性有机物的时空分布特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

对成都市2011—2012年期间大气中的VOCs在不同季节、不同功能区及不同高度的浓度和组成进行了SUMMA钢罐采样法监测与实验室分析,并讨论其臭氧生成潜势.结果表明:采样期间成都市大气中VOCs的季节变化为:秋季(106.0μg·m-3)夏季(74.5μg·m-3)春季(54.1μg·m-3)冬季(45.8μg·m-3).烷烃、酯类、醇类日变化规律呈单峰型,峰值在8:00出现,与交通流量的变化有关;烯烃和芳香烃的日变化规律则呈双峰型.烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醇类在不同功能区的浓度顺序为:交通居民混合区工业区风景区,而醛酮类则为:工业区交通居民混合区风景区.在垂直方向上,距地面78 m处TVOCs浓度最高,这可能与当时采样期间大气为逆温层结有关,其中,烷烃、芳香烃为主要组分.不同VOCs的平均臭氧生成潜势(OFP)及其贡献率排序为:芳香烃(75.5%)烯烃(23.8%)烷烃(0.8%);不同功能区的OFP排序为:交通居民混合区工业区风景区.     

The first metagenome of activated sludge from full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) nitrogen and phosphorus removal reactor using Illumina sequencing

The anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) process is globally one of the widely used biological sewage treatment processes. This is the first report of a metagenomic analysis using Illumina sequencing of full-scale A2O sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant. With more than 530,000 clean reads from different taxa and metabolic categories, the metagenome results allow us to gain insight into the functioning of the biological community of the A2O sludge. There are 51 phyla and nearly 900 genera identified from the A2O activated sludge ecosystem. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae and Chloroflexi are predominant phyla in the activated sludge, suggesting that these organisms play key roles in the biodegradation processes in the A2O sewage treatment system. Nitrospira, Thauera, Dechloromonas and Ignavibacterium, which have abilities to metabolize nitrogen and aromatic compounds, are most prevalent genera. The percent of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in the A2O sludge is 2.72% and 1.48%, respectively. In the current A2O sludge, the proportion of Candidatus Accumulibacter is 1.37%, which is several times more than that reported in a recent study of A2O sludge. Among the four processes of nitrogen metabolism, denitrification related genes had the highest number of sequences (76.74%), followed by ammonification (15.77%), nitrogen fixation (3.88%) and nitrification (3.61%). In phylum Planctomycetes, four genera (Planctomyces, Pirellula, Gemmata and Singulisphaera) are included in the top 30 abundant genera, suggesting the key role of ANAMMOX in nitrogen metabolism in the A2O sludge.     

过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯热危险性实验研究

为了研究TBPB的热危险性,采用液体自燃点测试仪研究TBPB自燃点随浓度的变化规律,应用快速筛选量热仪研究不同升温速率下TBPB的热分解,同时利用差示扫描量热仪研究TBPB热流-温度变化规律。研究结果表明:当TBPB浓度为0.83 g/L时,自燃温度达到最低值125.1 ℃,浓度是影响其自燃温度的重要指标;随升温速率升高,初始分解温度逐渐升高,可见升温速率越高,TBPB分解的初始温度越高,当环境温度未达到初始分解温度时,相对较安全;TBPB最低起始反应温度为95.4 ℃,平均放热量为893.28 J/g,运用Kissinger,Ozawa 这2种方法得出E1=84 063.2 J/mol,E2=86 442.3 J/mol,指前因子为1.69×109,反应级数为0.92。其放热量较大,起始反应温度较低,热量无法及时移出时,极易发生燃烧爆炸事故。     

窗口坝对黏性泥石流的流量调控性能研究∗

基于水槽试验,探讨了窗口坝对黏性泥石流的流量调控特性,并结合数值模拟对其调控过程进行了初步分析。结果表明：窗口坝对黏性泥石流的流量调控作用不仅表现在窗口坝对黏性泥石流峰值流量的削减能力上,还表现在对泥石流过流的延时效应上;不同工况条件下,窗口坝对黏性泥石流的调控能力不同,泥石流峰值流量削减率与窗口坝相对开口宽度、高宽比、开口率整体呈负相关,与泥石流容重整体呈正相关,但对容重较低的泥石流,窗口坝的调控作用较小;窗口坝对黏性泥石流的调控作用是窗口坝实体部分和开口部分共同作用的结果：窗口坝通过实体部分拦挡泥石流,降低泥石流的流速,并使泥石流于窗口坝库内发生流速“重分布”,再利用窗口坝大开口对其进行有控制的排导,以此来发挥窗口坝对黏性泥石流的调控效果。