2011年1-7月国内外石油与化工事故分析

基于2011年1-7月国内外石油与化工事故,从事故发生时间、经营类型和事故类型等方面进行了分析,并分析了重大自然灾害的影响。结果表明：7月是事故高发的月份,化工生产事故最多,泄漏是主要的事故类型;日本地震等重大自然灾害对石油与化工行业产生很大的影响。从推进中小化工企业的安全标准化工作、加强储存运输的安全运营保障、提高企业应对自然灾害的能力等方面提出了建议,以预防或减少事故发生。     

Short-term influence of nutrient availability on the uptake and translocation of phenanthrene in mangrove seedlings

Abstract

The uptake and distribution of phenanthrene, a typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, in plant tissues of Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina and the relationship with nutrient (nitrate, ammonium, and soluble reactive phosphorus) availability were investigated. After 12?h of exposure, enhancements in the concentration of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus markedly decreased the residual level of phenanthrene in roots, while the addition of ammonium significantly increased the residual concentration. Due to the similar enzymatic degradation potential between treatment groups, the variation of phenanthrene concentration in mangrove roots may result from the H⁺/phenanthrene cotransport at the root surface that was influenced by nutrient uptake. Moreover, both nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus amendments significantly increased translocation of phenanthrene from roots to leaves, which likely resulted from the change of hydraulic conductivity in mangrove plants triggered by different nutrient availability.     

Spectrophotometric determination of persulfate by oxidative decolorization of azo dyes for wastewater treatment

Persulfate can efficiently decolorize azo dyes through oxidizing these compounds, which enabled us to develop a method of rapid spectrophotometric determination of persulfate for monitoring the wastewater treatment on the basis of the oxidation decolorization of azo dyes. Four azo dyes with different molecular structures were investigated as probes, and the influences of operation parameters including reaction time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and initial concentration of activator Fe(2+) were checked on the determination of persulfate. Under optimum conditions, the decolorization degree of the dyes responded linearly with persulfate concentration for all the four azo dyes, and the linear range and detection limit were found to be 2.0-150 μmol L(-1) and 0.62 μmol L(-1) for rhodamine B, 2.0-100 μmol L(-1) and 0.42 μmol L(-1) for methylene blue, 4.0-150 μmol L(-1) and 0.50 μmol L(-1) for methyl violet, and 20-150 μmol L(-1) and 8.1 μmol L(-1) for orange II. A persulfate treatment of a spiked wastewater sample was satisfactorily monitored with the new method.     

广州市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中多环芳烃的季节变化

采集广州五山、荔湾(2002-06-12～2003-06-31)2个采样点共112个PM10样品进行了GC/MS分析,结果表明2采样点全年多环芳烃浓度范围为8.11～106.26 ng·m-3,呈现出夏季低冬季高的特征.PAHs化合物的相对分布也呈明显的季节变化,5～6环PAHs的比重夏季比冬季高,而3～4环PAHs的比重冬季比夏季高.冬季PAHs可分为2种模式,不同模式之间PAHs的浓度和分布特征有明显的差异.统计结果表明,广州市多环芳烃浓度变化主要受气象条件的影响,风速(当温度＜20℃时)和温度(当温度＞20℃时)是影响多环芳烃浓度最主要的因素.此外,本研究还表明,汽车尾气排放是广州市大气颗粒物多环芳烃污染最主要的污染来源.     

大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的研究进展

类腐殖酸(HULIS)是一类广泛存在于云、雾、雨水和大气气溶胶颗粒中的大分子有机物.HULIS既可通过吸收和散射太阳辐射直接影响大气热平衡,又能参与云凝结核的形成间接影响全球气候,加之其重要的环境和健康效应,近年来引起科学界的广泛关注.本文综述了大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的研究成果,主要包括HULIS的分离、提取和分析方法,HULIS的主要理化性质、浓度和季节变化,以及HULIS的来源和国内外研究现状,并对该领域的研究前景进行了分析和展望.     

不同处理条件对石油污染土壤植物修复的影响

针对石油烃植物修复过程中的主要影响因素,研究了不同植物种类、不同土壤调理剂和菌剂使用等不同条件对土壤中石油烃植物修复效果的影响.结果表明,不同种类的植物修复可使总石油烃的年降解率达到37.8％ ～ 73.98％,其中大豆和碱蓬具有较好的修复效果;3种不同土壤调理剂对石油烃污染土壤修复的效果为商业添加剂＞牛粪＞蛭石;先微生物修复后种植植物的处理要优于单独的微生物修复及微生物、植物修复同步进行的处理.     

一株产絮凝剂的黑曲霉的分离及培养条件优化

从活性污泥中筛选出一株产絮凝剂的霉菌,初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger).其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液具有良好的絮凝作用.通过培养条件优化,其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率从85.6%提高到98.7%,实验结果表明,(1)黑曲霉孢子最佳接种量为9.33×108 个/L;(2)产絮凝剂适宜的碳源为蔗糖,氮源为尿素,用量分别为30.00、1.600 g/L;(3)最佳培养条件为:查氏液体培养基初始pH 7.0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速180 r/min,培养时间120 h;(4)在最佳培养条件下微生物絮凝剂的产量为1.805 g/L;(5)絮凝性能比较结果表明,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能优于传统絮凝剂.     

Seasonal variation on size distribution and concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou city, China

Size distribution aerosol samples were collected at an urban location of Guangzhou in four seasons of 2003-2004 by a MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor). The particle loading (PM10: 80-397 microg m(-3)) was comparable with some other Asia cities; however, much higher than that of Western Europe and North America. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). Seasonal effects on the size distribution of PAHs are presented. Bimode (accumulation and coarse mode) and unimode (accumulation mode) distributions were observed for low-molecule-weight and high-molecule-weight PAHs. A slight shift to larger particles was found for the accumulation mode in autumn and winter, compared with that of spring and summer. One explanation is that the longer aging process of PAHs in autumn and winter would result in volatilization from finer particles followed by condensation onto coarser particles. Another is there was mixing process of local emission with long-range transported aerosol in autumn and winter. The relative higher value of IcdP/(BghiP+IcdP) and lower value of BghiP/BeP in winter also give evidences to the mixing process. The level of PAHs concentration has been much elevated in recent years. This can be attributed to the fast growth of motor vehicle and energy consumption.     

Preparation of various thiol-functionalized carbon-based materials for enhanced removal of mercury from aqueous solution

In this work, biochar (BC), activated carbon (AC), and graphene oxide (GO) were thiol-functionalized using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-MPTS) (named as BCS, ACS, and GOS, respectively). BCS, ACS, and GOS were synthesized mainly via the interaction between hydrolyzed 3-MPTS and surface oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., –OH, O–C=O, and C=O) and π-π interaction. The materials before and after modification were characterized and tested for mercury removal, including sorption kinetics and isotherms, the effects of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, and ionic strength. Pseudo-second-order sorption kinetic model (R² = 0.992~1.000) and Langmuir sorption isotherm model (R² = 0.964~0.998) fitted well with the sorption data of mercury. GOS had the most –SH groups with the largest adsorption capacity for Hg²⁺ and CH₃Hg⁺ (449.6 and 127.5 mg/g), followed by ACS (235.7 and 86.7 mg/g) and BCS (175.6 and 30.3 mg/g), which were much larger than GO (96.7 and 4.9 mg/g), AC (81.1 and 24.6 mg/g), and BC (95.6 and 9.4 mg/g). GOS and ACS showed stable mercury adsorption properties at a wide pH range (2~9) and ionic strength (0.01~0.1 mol/L). Mercury maybe removed by ligand exchange, surface complexation, and electrostatic attraction.

     

西宁市非采暖季和采暖季PM2.5中14种金属元素特征

于2012年11月采暖季和2013年9月非采暖季,在青藏高原典型城市西宁市4个采样点采集细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品,共获得40个有效样品。用微波消解-ICP-MS法、原子荧光法分析了样品中14种重点防控金属。结果表明:14种重点防控金属中Ag、Tl平均质量浓度为0.10~0.50 ng/m~3,Co、Sb、Hg平均质量浓度为0.50~4.00 ng/m~3,V、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、As平均质量浓度为4.00~50.0 ng/m~3,Mn、Pb、Zn平均质量浓度为50.0~2 000 ng/m~3。采样期间,采暖季相比非采暖季,PM_(2.5)质量浓度有下降趋势,不同采样区金属元素浓度有增有减。富集因子分析结果表明,重点防控金属元素在非采暖季主要来源于土壤风沙扬尘、机动车尾气和工业排放,采暖季主要来源于土壤风沙扬尘、燃煤、燃油、机动车尾气和工业排放。非采暖季Zn、Ag、Cd、Hg、Tl和Pb富集因子较高,采暖季Zn、As、Ag、Cd、Sb、Hg、Tl、Pb富集因子较高,更容易受到人为源的影响。