丙烯腈废水及几种处理工艺出水的毒性

分别利用小麦、发光菌毒性测试技术研究了模拟丙烯腈废水以及几种处理工艺出水对小麦芽伸长、根伸长、发芽率和发光菌发光度的毒性效应差异。结果表明,丙烯腈对小麦芽伸长的毒性影响最大;各类物质对小麦根伸长和发芽率并未造成毒性影响;其他物质对发光菌发光度的毒性最大。模拟废水对小麦芽伸长、根伸长、发芽率和发光菌发光度的毒性效应分别为:部分相加、部分相加、协同和拮抗作用。几种处理工艺出水对上述指标的毒性影响顺序依次是:模拟废水加成出水活性炭吸附出水Fenton法出水;Fenton法出水模拟废水加成出水活性炭吸附出水;Fenton法出水活性炭吸附出水模拟废水加成出水;活性炭吸附出水加成出水Fenton法出水模拟废水。比较几种处理工艺出水的毒性发现,几乎每种废水的毒性都有所降低,这说明几种处理工艺能有效降低模拟废水的毒性,具有深刻的实际指导意义。     

Vertical distribution of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in mangrove sediments from the Jiulong River Estuary,Fujian, China

Background Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) is operationally defined as sulfides in sediment, which are soluble in cold acid, and is reported as the most active part of the total sulfur in aquatic sediments. It is a key partitioning phase controlling the activities of divalent cationic heavy metals in sediment. Methods In order to examine this in mangrove environments, six sites were selected along the Jiulong River Estuary in Fujian, China, which had previously been reported to be polluted by heavy metals. Sediments were sampled from 0–60 cm depth at each site, and the spatial distribution of AVS and SEM (simultaneously extracted metals: copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead) were determined. Results and Discussion The results indicate that the AVS concentrations had a spatial variation, ranging from 0.24 to 16.10 μmol g⁻¹ sediment dry weight. The AVS concentration in the surface layer is lower than that of the deeper sediment, with peak values in the 15–30 cm horizon. There was no correlation between the AVS value and organic matter content or total dissolved salts, but a significant positive correlation of AVS with surface sediment (0–5 cm) moisture content was found. This indicates that water logged sediments tend to have a high AVS value. The amount of SEM was within the range of 0.33–2.80 μmol g⁻¹ sediment dry weight and decreased with sediment depth. Conclusions There was a marked variation in AVS and SEM among different sites studied. AVS concentrations were generally lower in the surface sediments, while SEM concentrations slightly decreased with the depth. Higher concentrations of SEM found in the upper layers of the sediments confirm the earlier suggestions that this study area may suffer from increasing heavy metal pollution. Recommendations and Perspectives When monitoring environmental impacts by using AVS, the micro and large-scale spatial variation as well as vertical distribution need to be estimated to avoid misleading results. Both AVS and SEM concentrations in different sediment layers should be taken into account in assessing the potential impact of heavy metals on the biotic environment.     

滨海不同生境下盐地碱蓬生物量分配特征研究

盐地碱蓬是黄河三角洲重要的先锋植物,抗盐能力强,分布范围广,对维持该地区生态系统稳定和演替发挥着重要作用。通过野外取样测定,研究了潮间带和潮上带盐地碱蓬种群的形态及生物量分配特征。在个体大小上,潮间带盐地碱蓬在株高和地径上显著低于潮上带盐地碱蓬;潮上带盐地碱蓬密集分布的株高高于散生分布,而生物量低于散生分布。在生物量分配特征上,潮间带盐地碱蓬Ⅰ以发展花、叶为主,潮上带盐地碱蓬Ⅱ的密集分布以优先发展茎为主,潮上带盐地碱蓬Ⅲ的散生分布以发展枝为主,属于种群发展的稳定阶段。因此,盐地碱蓬通过形态特征及生物量分配特征的调节,以适应潮间带和潮上带的不同生境特征,从而达到种群维持和土壤改良的目的。     

黑龙江省主要灾害与减灾战略初探

黑龙江省是全国受灾最重、损失最大的省份之一。本文对其40年来主要灾害—农业灾害、森林火灾、地震灾害、城市灾害作了概略的介绍,通过统计及其规律的探讨与分析,提出了未来10年灾害预测,并作出了减灾的战略目标和实施对策。     

Degradation of benzene derivatives in the CuMgFe-LDO/persulfate system: The role of the interaction between the catalyst and target pollutants

A novel insight on the role of interactions between target pollutants and the catalyst in the copper-containing layered double oxide(LDO)-catalyzed persulfate(PS) system was elucidated in the present study.4-Chlorophenol(4-CP),as a representative benzene derivative with a hydroxyl group,was completely removed within 5 min,which was much faster than the reaction of monochlorobenzene(MCB) without a hydroxyl group,with the degradation efficiency of 31.7% in 240 min.Through the use of radical quenching and surface inhibition experiments,it could be concluded that the interaction between 4-CP and CuMgFe-LDO,rather than free radicals,played a key role in the decomposition of 4-CP,while only the free radicals participated in the MCB degradation process.According to electron paramagnetic resonance and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy data,the formation of a Cu(II)-complex between phenolic hydroxyl groups and surface Cu(II) was primarily responsible for the degradation of phenolic compounds,in which PS accepted one electron from the complex and generated sulfate radicals and chelated radical cations.The chelated radical cations transferred one electron to Cu(Ⅱ) followed by Cu(I) generation and pollutant degradation successively.     

铬渣制砖的毒性浸出及评价

对铬渣制砖的毒性浸出进行了研究 ,结果表明铬渣制砖可对六价铬起到封闭作用 ,但被封闭的六价铬在流体环境中会有浸出 ,砖样浸出液中六价铬的含量随时间及浸出方法的不同而不同 ,浸泡 2 0天浸出液中六价格含量达到稳定 ,碱性环境有利于六价铬的重新溶出     

墨西哥湾“深水地平线”钻井平台事故分析与反思

对美国墨西哥湾“深水地平线”钻井平台爆炸事故进行了原因分析,总结了事故的经验教训,并从技术、管理、应急救援体系、技术研发4个方面为中国石化提出了预防类似事故的建议措施。     

“2+26”城市一次多因素叠加重污染过程的特征分析

2018年11月23日-12月4日,京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市出现了一次长时间、大范围、高强度的复合型大气重污染过程,为揭示区域性重污染过程中多因素的综合作用,利用气象资料、空气质量监测等多源数据以及区域污染特征雷达图,对京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市此次重污染特征和成因进行分析.结果表明:根据PM_2.5/PM₁₀[ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）,下同]可将此次重污染过程划分为4个阶段.第一阶段（2018年11月23-26日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.5~1.0内波动,"2+26"城市大气扩散条件转差,一次污染物局地积累及SO₂、NO_x、NH₃等气态污染物在高湿条件下二次转化是污染形成并发展的主要原因;第二阶段（11月27日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀突降至0.2左右,"2+26"城市北部受形成于蒙古国的沙尘影响,短时ρ（PM₁₀）快速升高（峰值为818 μg/m3）,中南部受形成于内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟的沙尘及上风向PM_2.5污染的传输影响,ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）均较高,维持日均重度污染水平（参照GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》和HJ 633-2012《环境空气质量指数（AQI）技术规定（试行）》）;第三阶段（11月28日-12月2日）PM_2.5/PM₁₀由0.3逐渐升至0.8,在静稳、高湿的不利气象条件下,一次污染物积累并二次转化,第二阶段残留沙尘中的矿物质对硫酸盐起到催化作用,导致ρ（PM_2.5）快速上升,"2+26"城市大部分达日均重度及以上污染;第四阶段（12月3-4日）与第二阶段类似,PM_2.5/PM₁₀突降至0.2,"2+26"城市再次受到沙尘天气和区域传输的共同影响,因冷空气持续时间较长,污染被有效清除.研究显示,此次污染过程是气象条件、污染物一次排放和二次转化、区域传输、沙尘天气等多因素综合作用的结果.当静稳、高湿等不利气象条件或沙尘天气出现时,区域应加强对各类污染物排放的管控力度,以降低污染物的一次排放、二次转化以及沙尘和区域传输的共同影响,进而削弱污染严重程度.      

本溪市PM2.5中水溶性离子季节性变化特征及来源分析

为研究本溪市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子污染特征,于2016年1—10月在本溪市开展PM_2.5样品采集,使用离子色谱法分析了其中8种水溶性离子（Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+）,并采用PMF（positive matrix factorization,正矩阵因子分解法）模型对水溶性离子的来源进行分析.结果表明:观测期间,本溪市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为（57.6±21.9）μg/m3,ρ（PM_2.5）季节性变化特征明显,呈冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季趋势;水溶性离子平均质量浓度为19.3 μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的33.6%,各离子质量浓度高低顺序为SO₄2- > NO₃- > NH₄+ > Cl- > Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+;SNA（SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+）是PM_2.5中主要的3种离子,在春季、夏季、秋季和冬季分别占水溶性离子的73.2%、88.2%、82.5%和73.6%,表明夏季的二次污染较为严重.阴、阳离子电荷平衡分析结果显示,阴离子相对亏损,本溪市PM_2.5整体呈弱碱性,NO₃-、SO₄2-与NH₄+相关性较高,其在PM_2.5中主要以NH₄NO₃和NH₄HSO₄的形式存在. PMF分析结果表明,本溪市PM_2.5中水溶性离子的来源主要包括二次转化源、燃煤源和扬尘源.研究显示,本溪市PM_2.5中水溶性离子季节性变化特征明显,二次转化源、燃煤源和扬尘源是其主要来源.