Phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency for soils contaminated with lead,zinc, and cadmium

Phosphates can cost-effectively decrease the mobility of Pb in contaminated soils. However, Pb always coexists with other metals in soil, their competitive reactions with phosphates have not been tested. In this study, the abilities of KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, and K₃PO₄ to stabilize Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils contaminated with a single metal or a ternary metal for different phosphorus/metal molar ratios were investigated. Results indicated that the stabilization efficiency of KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, and K₃PO₄ for Pb, Zn, and Cd in single metal contaminated soil (P/M ratio 0.6) was 96.00%–98.74%, 33.76%–47.81%, and 9.50%–55.79%, respectively. Competitive stabilization occurred in the ternary system, Pb exhibited a strong competition, the stabilization efficiency of Zn and Cd reduced by 23.50%–31.64%, and 7.10%–39.26%, respectively. Pyromorphite and amorphous lead phosphate formed with excess KH₂PO₄ or K₂HPO₄ addition, while K₃PO₄ resulted in the formation of a hydroxypyromorphite precipitate. Amorphous Zn and Cd phosphates and hydroxides were the primary products. The immobilization rate of Zn and Cd depends on pH, and increased significantly in response to the excess phosphate application. This approach provides insight into phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency in soils contaminated with multiple metals, which is of theoretical and engineering significance.

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湿法脱硫用大流量低背压喷嘴开发

在石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔中,喷嘴性能直接影响到脱硫效率和运行成本。针对目前国产脱硫喷嘴能耗高的问题,基于质量及能量守恒方程,推导了螺旋喷嘴计算公式,并结合螺旋面设计方法开发出大流量低背压喷嘴。开发出的喷嘴运行压力小,可降低运行电耗;同时,可减少塔内布置的喷嘴数量,减少投资成本。     

滑动弧放电等离子体杀菌的研究进展

在介绍现有杀菌方法及其局限性的基础上提出滑动弧放电等离子体杀菌技术,阐述滑动弧放电等离子体产生的基本原理,介绍了基本的反应装置及其发展情况;探讨此技术在杀菌方面的研究进展,并从紫外线、臭氧、NO.和.OH自由基、H2O2等角度出发对杀菌机理进行了分析。最后对该项技术在杀菌领域的应用与发展提出了建议及展望。     

NKA—Ⅱ大孔吸附树脂吸附高浓度苯胺溶液的试验研究

本文利用ＮＫＡ－Ⅱ大孔吸附树脂对高浓度苯胺溶液进行了静态吸附试验,希望利用大孔吸附树脂从化工废水中回收苯胺。     

Divergent effects of climate change on the egg-laying opportunity of species in cold and warm regions

Climate warming can substantially impact embryonic development and juvenile growth in oviparous species. Estimating the overall impacts of climate warming on oviparous reproduction is difficult because egg-laying events happen throughout the reproductive season. Successful egg laying requires the completion of embryonic development as well as hatching timing conducive to offspring survival and energy accumulation. We propose a new metric—egg-laying opportunity (EO)—to estimate the annual hours during which a clutch of freshly laid eggs yields surviving offspring that store sufficient energy for overwintering. We estimated the EO within the distribution of a model species, Sceloporus undulatus, under recent climate condition and a climate-warming scenario by combining microclimate data, developmental functions, and biophysical models. We predicted that EO will decline as the climate warms at 74.8% of 11,407 sites. Decreasing hatching success and offspring energy accounted for more lost EO hours (72.6% and 72.9%) than the occurrence of offspring heat stress (59.9%). Nesting deeper (at a depth of 12 cm) may be a more effective behavioral adjustment for retaining EO than using shadier (50% shade) nests because the former fully mitigated the decline of EO under the considered warming scenario at more sites (66.1%) than the latter (28.3%). We advocate for the use of EO in predicting the impacts of climate warming on oviparous animals because it encapsulates the integrative impacts of climate warming on all stages of reproductive life history.     

Electro-conductive crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanofiltration membrane for electro-enhanced removal of bisphenol A

● A crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane was fabricated. ● Electro-assistance enhanced the removal rate of the NF membrane for bisphenol A. ● Intermittent voltage-assistance can achieve nearly 100% removal of bisphenol A. ● Membrane adsorption–electro-oxidation process is feasible for micropollutant removal. Nanofiltration (NF) has attracted increasing attention for wastewater treatment and potable water purification. However, the high-efficiency removal of micropollutants by NF membranes is a critical challenge. Owing to the adsorption and subsequent diffusion, some weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), can pass through NF membranes, resulting in low removal rates. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed to enhance the BPA removal efficiency of a crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane by coupling the membrane with electro-assistance. The membrane exhibited a 31.9% removal rate for 5 mg/L BPA with a permeance of 6.8 L/(m²·h·bar), while the removal rate was significantly improved to 98.1% after applying a voltage of 2.0 V to the membrane. Furthermore, when BPA coexisted with humic acid, the membrane maintained 94% removal of total organic carbon and nearly 100% removal of BPA at 2.0 V over the entire filtration period. Compared to continuous voltage applied to the membrane, an intermittent voltage (2.0 V for 0.5 h with an interval of 3.5 h) could achieve comparable BPA removal efficiency, because of the combined effect of membrane adsorption and subsequent electrochemical oxidation. Density functional theory calculations and BPA oxidation process analyses suggested that BPA was adsorbed by two main interactions: π–π and hydrogen-bond interactions. The adsorbed BPA was further electro-degraded into small organic acids or mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. This work demonstrates that NF membranes coupled with electro-assistance are feasible for improving the removal of weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants.     

用正交试验法确定生物脱氮系统的主要影响因素

生物脱氮系统是国外七十年代兴起的废水处理新工艺,多见于城市生活污水脱氮,并已逐步应用于大型生产装置。一般均以悬浮污泥法为主。根据化工、化纤废水毒性大,水质不稳定,易造成冲击等特点,本试验选用维纶软性纤维作填料的生物膜法装置。用该系统处理废水,影响去碳、脱氮效果的因素很多。但膜法不像悬浮污泥法,至今尚未形成计算模式,需通过大量试验,才能选定最佳工艺条件,通常采用孤立变量法,可是这种方法费时过多,且各参数之间相互的影响仍不清楚。为此,决定采用正交试验法来探讨膜法脱氮系统的主要影响因素,在应用正交设计时,只要因素和水平选择得当,就可用较少的试验次数,在较短的时间内,得到较明确的结论。     

一株红假单胞菌对偶氮染料的脱色研究

一株球形红假单胞菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides YB)缺氧情况下对数种偶氮染料的24 h脱色率达到90％以上。结构相对简单的偶氮染料较容易脱色。研究了外加碳源、温度和pH值等环境因素对该菌生长以及脱色活性的影响,得出最优脱色条件为:光照缺氧、蛋白胨作碳源、温度35～40℃、pH=7-8。     

高碘酸钾氧化中性红测定间苯二酚

在酸性和75℃条件下,微量的间苯二酚对高碘酸钾氧化中性红褪色反应具有显著的抑制作用,据此建立了测定间苯二酚的新的动力学光度法。该方法灵敏、快速、操作简便,此法的线性范围为0．1～3．0μg／mL,检出限为0．082μg／mL,对1．0μg／mL的间苯二酚测定11次的相对标准偏差为2．26％。     

活性MgO-粉煤灰固化黄土剪切特性试验研究

黄土固化处理是解决黄土地区建筑地基变形与沉降问题的有效途径。选取活性MgO、粉煤灰和水泥3种不同类型固化剂,通过开展不固结不排水直接剪切试验,研究固化剂掺量、类型和养护龄期等因素对黄土剪切性能的影响。结果表明:活性MgO可显著提高黄土抗剪强度;随着活性MgO掺量和养护龄期增加,固化黄土黏聚力和内摩擦角先增加后减小,在6%掺量和14 d养护龄期附近达到峰值;粉煤灰掺入可有效改善活性MgO固化黄土抗剪性能,尤其对黏聚力提高效果明显,随着养护龄期和固化剂掺量增加,固化土抗剪强度不断增大;水泥固化黄土抗剪强度随水泥掺量和养护龄期呈现类似增长规律。活性MgO-粉煤灰等3种材料可提高固化黄土抗剪强度,MgO-粉煤灰效果最优,单掺活性MgO次之,二者均优于水泥。