化工型科研单位员工健康管理实践与对策

以某化工型科研单位为研究对象,分析评估化工型科研单位中存在的员工健康危害因素,阐述关于员工健康的管理实践与对策。通过健康风险识别与评估、健康危险因素监测与管理、劳动保护、工伤与疾病管理、健康保障、健康促进等形式开展员工健康管理,实现职业健康、身体健康、心理健康的全员健康、全面健康的"大健康"目标。     

沙尘暴应急监测方法研究

在沙尘暴应急监测方法研究中，通过对总悬浮颗粒物采样仪器及各种采样参数的研究确定和降尘采样器的研制，制定出沙尘暴应急监测方法。     

The kinetic stability of colloid-associated plutonium: settling characteristics and species transformation

The colloid-associated plutonium-239, as the dominant species of Pu in natural environment, was formed through sorption of Pu onto in situ colloids. In case of chemical perturbations present in pore water, the fate and transport of Pu would be therefore impacted by changes in sorption affinity of Pu for the colloid surfaces. The present study reveals that colloidal ²³⁹Pu exhibited the kinetic stability in two respects. First, in situ colloids isolated from the vadose zone sediments at Lop Nor, when in contact with solutions of high ion concentrations or low pH, were significantly aggregated and then exhibited fast settling. Kinetics settling characteristics were described by the parameters, including settling index and characteristic time. Second, Pu dissociation from colloid surfaces occurred immediately after the introduction of Na⁺. However, the dissolved species was still unstable and had the potential for re-association with the fraction of colloids that had not settled out from the suspensions due to small size and then remained in suspension. This implies that Pu sorption sites on initial colloids were changed to the sites of suspended colloids.     

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998–2008

Abstract

Water pollution is one of the major environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evaluated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index (NCPI), and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCPI ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.     

十溴联苯醚环境修复技术的研究进展

介绍了溴代阻燃剂十溴联苯醚（BDE-209）环境修复技术的研究进展。从光降解、零价铁降解、生物降解3个方面对BDE-209的降解机理和降解后的产物进行了介绍。BDE-209经光照、厌氧微生物、零价铁的脱溴作用后,降解成低溴代联苯醚产物;好氧微生物利用低溴代联苯醚作为生长碳源,将其在酶的作用下开环降解,进入三羧酸循环或彻底分解成CO₂和H₂O。提出应采用多种方法协同作用,更有效地降解多溴联苯醚化合物。     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定堆肥中微量镉、锌和铜

研究并确定了微波消解堆肥的最佳条件,应用原子吸收与数据导数处理系统相结合方法解决了堆肥体系中微量金属Cd.Zn和Cu的测定问题,对应元素的灵敏度可提高一个数量级.检出限均有不同程度的降低,从而极大提高分析的准确度.同时对堆肥实际样品进行加标回收实验,测定了堆肥样品中金属的回收率,其回收率分别在99.5%-102.0%、98.7%-99.1%和98.8%-104.0%之间.实验结果显示,该方法快速、准确、可信.     

渤南低渗透油田污水生化处理室内模拟研究

渤南油田属典型的低渗透油田,注水水质要求达到A1级,而污水中的分散油和乳化油是污水处理的难点和重点。为给污水站的建设提供合适的污水处理工艺单元和最佳参数,通过室内模拟研究,采用生物接触氧化技术处理油田污水。结果表明,当污水停留时间为8 h时,生化系统可将污水含油量由10～25 mg/L降低到1 mg/L以下,去除率高达96.18%,COD稳定在100 mg/L以内,通过生物之间的竞争作用和高浓度的氧,有效地抑制了硫酸盐还原菌的生长,使腐蚀率控制在0.076 mm/a以下。同时,该试验表明,8 h为生物接触氧化处理工艺的最佳停留时间。     

ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验研究

新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器（ICSTD）处理污泥的启动运行试验采用某污水处理厂二沉池好氧活性污泥进行驯化培养,使反应器正常启动运行。在日处理量为50 L/d,进泥含水率为99.23％～99.46％,进泥VS/TS为0.65～0.73,进泥COD为4 115～5 780 mg/L,反应器容积负荷为1.31 kg COD/(m³·d)时,排泥含水率在96.2％～97.3％,排泥VS/TS为0.48～0.57,COD去除率在95％以上,出水pH在6.6～7.1,且上清液澄清。试验结果表明： ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验,采用直接培养污泥启动的方式培养厌氧污泥历时66 d,能较快地培养厌氧污泥且运行稳定,对污泥的浓缩消化起到较好的作用,同时对反应器后续运行的消化效果提供了一个良好的条件。     

印染废水处理工艺工程实例

介绍了改良型水解酸化+生物接触氧化工艺处理印染废水的工程实例,处理后水中的COD、BOD5浓度均低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。该工艺运行费用低、管理简单方便、易于操作、去除色度效果好、无二次污染、投资规模小。