模糊评价因子的熵权法赋权及其在水质评价中的应用

针对模糊综合评价方法中对多因子赋权时计算繁琐、工作量大、未考虑多个评价对象间联系等缺陷，提出利用熵权法对多评价目标因子赋权的新思路．利用三峡库区城市江段13个监测断面的水质监测数据，比较了利用熵权法与传统的评价因子赋权的差异．结果表明，当涉及多个评价对象时，采用熵权法对各因子赋权，只需1次计算即可，无需对每个监测点进行权重计算，从而使模糊评价过程大大简化，评价的结果客观、合理．     

关中地区PM2.5污染过程的主要参数特征和EMD统计分析

为了掌握关中地区的污染过程特征,并为关中地区预警预报提供理论支撑,利用2014—2017年关中地区五市（西安市、咸阳市、宝鸡市、渭南市、铜川市）ρ（PM_2.5）数据,对该地区PM_2.5污染过程的峰值质量浓度、持续时间等特征进行统计分析,并用EMD（经验模态分解法）分解海平面气压观测数据,对PM_2.5污染过程的统计结果进行解释.结果表明:①关中地区ρ（PM_2.5）分布在时间和空间上均具有显著的区域相关和时间同步特征.各城市的ρ（PM_2.5）日均值较接近,相差范围为2~15 μg/m3.②污染过程持续时间的统计表明,冬季污染过程持续时间（11~15 d）相对较长,夏季污染过程持续时间（7~9 d）相对较短;PM_2.5污染过程的峰值质量浓度分析表明,各城市中度及以上等级的污染频次差异较大,最大值出现在咸阳市,为16次,最小值出现在铜川市,为9次.③利用EMD算法对气压数据进行分解后发现,第4模态（IMF4）的震荡频率变化是关中地区各城市不同季节污染过程持续时间存在明显差异的主要原因.研究显示,单站气压的EMD模态分解可以较好地解释关中地区的污染物浓度特征.      

特征雷达图的设计及其在大气污染成因分析中的应用

为了更好地利用环境监测数据进行污染成因分析,提出数学算法,对多种污染物进行百分比成分谱化,并除以一定时期（或一定区域）的平均值,从而得到标准化特征谱,以消除污染物浓度变化的影响以及不同污染物间浓度值差异的影响;通过设计特征雷达图的方式,直观和快速地展现大气污染特征在时间序列和空间上发生的变化特征,为环境管理部门利用空气质量常规监测数据开展动态决策提供便利.该方法既可利用单点历史数据开展历史特征雷达图分析,也可基于区域多站点数据开展区域特征雷达图分析.该方法在时间序列上可以判断出偏沙尘污染型、偏燃煤污染型、偏二次颗粒物污染型、偏机动车污染型、偏烟花污染型等多个污染类型;在区域分布中可以判断出偏燃煤污染区、偏机动车污染区、偏钢铁污染区等多个区域类型.该方法除可应用于空气质量常规监测数据外,也可应用于其他组分数据如碳质组分、水溶性离子组分及元素组分等数据的分析.      

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.     

轻型汽油车尾气PM2.5的排放特征

为研究轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5的排放特征,利用整车测试台架和颗粒物稀释采样系统,对12辆轻型汽油车尾气的PM_2.5进行了采集,并进一步分析了PM_2.5排放因子及其碳质组分——OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)的排放特征;在此基础上,参考文献研究结果,计算了我国轻型汽油车分阶段PM_2.5排放因子,结合活动水平数据估算轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量.结果表明:测试的国Ⅰ前~国Ⅳ轻型汽油车PM_2.5平均排放因子分别为(73.2±3.8)(50.5±45.4)(34.7±18.4)(22.6±10.3)和(1.0±0.2)mg/km,随排放阶段升级而显著降低.OC是轻型汽油车尾气PM_2.5中的主要碳质组分,在TC(总碳)中所占比例超过90%. 2012年我国轻型汽油车PM_2.5排放量为21 828.7 t,占机动车颗粒物排放总量的3.5%,其中仅占轻型汽油车保有量17%的国Ⅰ及以前车辆排放了约43%的PM_2.5. 研究显示,轻型汽油车尤其是国Ⅰ及国Ⅰ前车辆颗粒物排放不容忽视,在机动车颗粒物减排工作中应给予足够重视.      

Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.     

国Ⅰ～国Ⅲ重型柴油车尾气PM_(2.5)及其碳质组分的排放特征

机动车排放是大气PM2.5污染的主要来源之一,而在机动车排放的PM2.5中,约80%以上来自重型柴油车.为了研究重型柴油车尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分的排放特征,本研究基于车载排放测试系统(PEMS),对7辆不同排放阶段的重型柴油车进行了尾气PM2.5采样分析,并进一步分析了PM2.5中的OC和EC组分.结果显示,从国Ⅰ到国Ⅲ阶段,重型柴油车PM2.5排放因子分别为(0.466±0.300)g·km-1、(0.112±0.025)g·km-1和(0.056±0.034)g·km-1,表明随着排放标准的加严,测试车辆的尾气PM2.5排放因子呈现显著的下降趋势.行驶工况对重型柴油车尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分排放存在较大影响,PM2.5排放因子在高速和市区工况下相对较高,而在市郊工况下则较低;OC和EC的比值在市区工况下为(2.86±1.07)∶1,而在市郊和高速工况下为(0.97±0.49)∶1.     

Utility of nematode Acrobeloides nanus for assessing subacute toxicity of heavy metals

Nematodes offer perspectives for ecotoxicological research as their characters and most of toxicity assessment focused on Caenorhabditis elegans. In order to enrich the limited numbers of nematode species used for toxicity test, this study assessed the subacute effects of copper and zinc to the life history characters of nematode Acrobeloides nanus. Compared with control, the 72-h effective concentration (EC)₅₀, EC₂₀, and EC₁₀ for reproduction in A. nanus were 1.35, 0.49, and 0.20 mg/L, respectively, for Cu and 829.46, 330.29, and 163.90 mg/L, respectively, for Zn. The EC₁₀ for growth at 72 h and 96 h of the 2nd generation in A. nanus were 1.13 and 0.97 mg/L, respectively, for Cu, and 353.46 and 284.20 mg/L, respectively, for Zn. During the exposure, the effect of copper–zinc on reproduction was less than additive, and the copper–zinc effect on growth changed from a synergistic to antagonistic.     

Air quality impacts of power plant emissions in Beijing

The CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was applied to estimate the air quality impacts of power plants in 2000 and 2008 in Beijing, and the intake fractions (IF) were calculated to see the public health risks posed. Results show that in 2000 the high emission contribution induced a relatively small contribution to average ambient concentration and a significant impact on the urban area (9.52 microg/m(3) of SO(2) and 5.29 microg/m(3) of NO(x)). The IF of SO(2), NO(x) and PM(10) are 7.4 x 10(-6), 7.4 x 10(-6) and 8.7 x 10(-5), respectively. Control measures such as fuel substitution, flue gas desulfurization, dust control improvement and flue gas denitration planned before 2008 will greatly mitigate the SO(2) and PM(10) pollution, especially alleviating the pressure on the urban area to reach the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). NO(x) pollution will be mitigated with 34% decrease in concentration but further controls are still needed.     

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季PM2.5爆发式增长成因与应急管控对策

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季大气重污染过程频发,而在一些污染过程中PM_2.5会呈现爆发式增长特征,受到社会、公众的广泛关注,但现阶段针对PM_2.5爆发式增长的成因仍缺乏系统性的认知.对京津冀及周边地区在2015-2019年秋冬季（10月-翌年3月）大气重污染过程进行整理分析,并以2016年12月16-22日和2019年1月10-14日两次典型重污染过程中的PM_2.5爆发式增长为典型案例进行成因解析,归纳得出PM_2.5爆发式增长的主要原因为本地积累、区域传输和二次转化.对于北京市,PM_2.5爆发式增长通常不是上述某一原因独立导致,而是三者综合作用的结果.对于主要由本地积累引起的PM_2.5爆发式增长,应提前采取预警应急措施,降低ρ（PM_2.5）峰值;对于主要由区域传输引起的PM_2.5爆发式增长,应开展区域应急联动,降低传输通道沿线城市对ρ（PM_2.5）累积的贡献;对于主要由二次转化引起的PM_2.5爆发式增长,应通过一次颗粒物和SO₂、NO_x、VOCs等气态污染物的协同减排,降低高湿条件下污染物二次转化的影响.在2016年12月16-22日的大气重污染过程期间,京津冀及周边地区通过采取上述应急管控对策,减少了主要污染物排放量,有效降低了ρ（PM_2.5）峰值.建议可根据各地PM_2.5爆发式增长的具体成因,通过提前采取重污染天气预警应急措施、区域应急联动和多污染物（一次颗粒物、SO₂、NO_x、挥发性有机物等）协同减排等应急管控对策,有效减少PM_2.5爆发式增长的次数、降低PM_2.5爆发式增长的速率,减缓大气重污染的发生和发展.