基于环境监测数据的大气重污染应急减排措施效果评估

我国自2013年起对重点区域逐步开展重污染天气应对工作,以削减大气重污染峰值、减缓重污染的发生和发展.为更客观地评估重污染天气应急减排措施的效果,基于环境监测数据对应急效果评估开展方法学研究,通过对洛伦兹曲线内涵的拓展,提出污染物高位累积浓度占比的概念,并以PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂四种污染物为研究对象,评估重污染天气应急措施减排效果,同时将评估结果与空气质量模型模拟结果进行相互辅证.结果表明:2016年和2017年秋冬季（当年10月1日-翌年3月31日）"2+26"城市PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂高位累积浓度占比较2015年同期均有所下降,降幅为0.43%~3.80%;PM_2.5、PM₁₀高位累积浓度占比降幅相对SO₂、NO₂大,其中,2016年和2017年秋冬季PM_2.5高位累积浓度占比较2015年同期降幅均为2.23%,PM₁₀高位累积浓度占比较2015年同期降幅分别为1.89%、3.80%.研究显示,应急措施在"2+26"城市范围内对PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂起到了较显著的重污染削峰作用,其中,应急措施对PM_2.5、PM₁₀等颗粒物重污染削峰效果优于SO₂、NO₂等气态污染物.      

Impact of emissions controls on ambient carbonyls during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Beijing,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Beijing and its surrounding areas implemented a series of stringent measures to ensure good air quality during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation...     

What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review

• Fluorescence staining provides a fast and easy method to quantify microplastics. • Factors that influence staining are summarized to obtain an optimum staining effect. • Natural organic matter can be stained by dye and interfere with quantification. • Fluorescence staining is applied in both field and laboratory studies. • Future work involves developing new dyes and automated image-analysis methods. Understanding the fate and toxicity of microplastics (MPs,<5 mm plastic particles) is limited by quantification methods. This paper summarizes the methods in use and presents new ones. First, sampling and pretreatment processes of MPs, including sample collection, digestion, density separation, and quality control are reviewed. Then the promising and convenient staining procedures and quantification methods for MPs using fluorescence dyes are reviewed. The factors that influence the staining of MPs, including their physicochemical properties, are summarized to provide an optimal operation procedure. In general, the digestion step is crucial to eliminate natural organic matter (NOM) to avoid interference in quantification. Chloroform was reported to be the most appropriate solvent, and 10–20 μg/mL are recommended as optimal dye concentrations. In addition, a heating and cooling procedure is recommended to maintain the fluorescence intensity of MPs for two months. After staining, a fluorescence microscope is usually used to characterize the morphology, mass, or number of MPs, but compositional analysis cannot be determined with it. These fluorescence staining methods have been implemented to study MP abundance, transport, and toxicity and have been combined with other chemical characterization techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. More studies are needed to focus on the synthesis of novel dyes to avoid NOM’s interference. They need to be combined with other spectroscopic techniques to characterize plastic composition and to develop image-analysis methods. The stability of stained MPs needs to be improved.     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(6): 746–750 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

Real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with road conditions

The real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emission profiles of CO, HC and NO_x for light-duty diesel vehicles were investigated. Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 diesel taxies were tested on different roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle specific power bin method. The 11 Toyota Corolla diesel taxies have very good fuel economy of (5.9 ± 0.6) L/100 km, while other five diesel taxies showed relatively high values at (8.5 ± 1.7) L/100 km due to the variation in transmission systems and emission control strategies. Compared to similar Corolla gasoline models, the diesel cars confirmed an advantage of ca. 20% higher fuel efficiency. HC and CO emissions of all the 16 taxies are quite low, with the average at (0.05 ± 0.02) g/km and (0.38 ± 0.15) g/km, respectively. The average NO_x emission factor of the 11 Corolla taxies is (0.56 ± 0.17) g/km, about three times higher than their gasoline counterparts. Two of the three Hyundai Sonata taxies, configured with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) + diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) emission control strategies, indicated significantly higher NO₂ emissions and NO₂/NO_x ratios than other diesel taxies and consequently trigger a concern of possibly adverse impacts on ozone pollution in urban areas with this technology combination. A clear and similar pattern for fuel consumption and for each of the three gaseous pollutant emissions with various road conditions was identified. To save energy and mitigate CO₂ emissions as well as other gaseous pollutant emissions in urban area, traffic planning also needs improvement.     

我国博物馆陈列文物防震技术现状研究

为保护我国博物馆陈列文物,基于文献查阅及现场勘查相结合的方法,从博物馆、陈列台座、陈列文物三方面出发,以陈列文物为重点,研究了我国博物馆在陈文物的防震技术现状,分析了不足之处,提出了改进建议。结果表明:我国博物馆在陈文物目前以传统防震技术为主,虽然它们能在一定程度上减轻文物震害,但也存在破坏文物、影响外观、无参照标准等问题,应进行合理改进和完善;另一方面,对文物防震具有重要作用的防震博物馆及文物隔震台座在我国应进一步推广。     

Analysis and prediction of the influence of energy utilization on air quality in Beijing

This work evaluates the influence of energy consumption on the future air quality in Beijing, using 2000 as the base year and 2008 as the target year. It establishes the emission inventory of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO_x related to energy utilization in eight areas of Beijing. The air quality model was adopted to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of each pollutant concentration in the eight urban areas. Their emission, concentration distribution, and sectoral share responsibility rate were analyzed, and air quality in 2008 was predicted. The industrial sector contributed above 40% of primary PM₁₀ and SO₂ resulting from energy consumption, while vehicles accounted for about 65% of NO_x. According to the current policy and development trend, air quality in the eight urban areas could become better in 2008 when the average concentrations of primary PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ related to energy utilization at each monitored site are predicted to be about 25, 50 and 51 μg/m³, respectively.     

区域大气重污染过程识别指标及算法研究

重点区域秋冬季大气重污染应对是大气污染防治工作的重中之重,但针对区域大气重污染过程尚无明确、统一的判定依据,给空气质量管理造成不便.以京津冀大气污染传输通道"2+26"城市为研究对象,依据秋冬季大气重污染过程的区域性特征,以及"发生—发展—消散"的演变规律,将区域内3个及以上相邻城市至少 1d空气质量达到重污染水平判定...     

16种室内观赏植物对甲醛净化效果及生理生化变化

采用气体密封舱熏气法模拟居室装修后的甲醛污染环境,对16种常见室内观赏植物进行甲醛熏气处理,以熏气12h后植物单位叶面积吸收甲醛的量作为指标评价了不同植物对甲醛气体的净化能力,同时测定了熏气后植物的外观形态变化和叶片的SPAD值、相对电导率、丙二醛含量及POD活性等指标。结果显示,被测植物在一定程度上均可以有效吸收甲醛,单位面积吸收量从大到小依次为香石竹（Dianthus caryophyllus）、瑞典常春藤（Lsodon amethystoides）、蚊净香草（Saivia spp.）、比利时杜鹃（Rhododendron hybrida）、柠檬（Citrus limon）、袖珍椰子（Chamaedorea elegans）、龟背竹（Monstera deliciosa）、冷水花（Pilea cadierei）、长寿花（Kalanchoe blossfeldiana）、‘粉冠军’（Anthurium spp.）、巢蕨（Neottopteris nidus）、吊竹梅（Zebrina pendula）、栀子花（Gardenia jasminoides var.grandiflora）、百合竹（Dracaena reflex）、口红花（Aeschynanthus radicans）、孔雀竹芋（Calathea makoyana）。不同植物在甲醛熏气后表现出不同程度的受害反应和生理生化指标的变化,综合分析结果表明香石竹、瑞典常春藤、蚊净香草、袖珍椰子、冷水花、巢蕨等对甲醛的综合净化能力和抗性较好。     

北京市某城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶污染特性研究

以北京市某城市污水处理厂的格栅间、曝气池、污泥浓缩池和污泥脱水间为对象,研究不同功能区的空气微生物浓度、粒径分布及微生物组成.结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂4个功能区空气异养细菌浓度平均值为3.3×104cfu/m3,范围为1.0×102～4.3×105cfu/m3;真菌浓度平均值为6.1×103cfu/m3,范围为7.5×10～7.6×104cfu/m3.异养细菌和真菌浓度存在显著性差异,尤以曝气池上空最高,其次是污泥脱水间,浓度最低的区域为格栅间和污泥浓缩池.各功能区均存在不同程度的异养细菌和真菌污染.(2)该污水处理厂不同功能区逸散出的异养细菌分布比例最高的为第2～5级,真菌主要分布在第3～5级.4个功能区空气中粒径为2.10～4.70μm(第3、4级)的异养细菌和真菌粒子分别占到了总数的37％～40％和46％～56％,而粒径为0.65～2.10μm(第5、6级)的异养细菌和真菌粒子则分别占到了总数的30％～33％和31％～37％,说明该污水处理厂不同功能区内的空气微生物存在一定的健康风险,可能对人呼吸道构成感染威胁.(3)假单孢菌(Pseudomonas)为该污水处理厂不同功能区均检出的优势异养细菌,而优势真菌种属为毛霉(Mucor)和曲霉(Aspergillus).