浅谈油品储运系统静电灾害的预防与控制

结合油品储运系统的工作特点,通过分析静电灾害发生的过程,得出产生静电灾害事故的4个必要条件,并从如何控制每个条件的形成出发,分别提出了针对性的防控措施。     

臭氧/活性炭/真空紫外光联用处理甲基肼废水的影响因素

研究比较了臭氧氧化（O3）、臭氧/活性炭氧化（O3/AC）、真空紫外/臭氧（VUV/O3）、真空紫外/臭氧/活性炭氧化（VUV/O3/AC）对甲基肼废水的处理效果,以甲基肼和COD去除率为指标,其中VUV/O3/AC最为有效。考察了活性炭投加量、臭氧投加量、初始pH值和活性炭使用次数等因素的影响。结果表明,反应最佳工艺条件为臭氧投加4.2 mg·min-1、pH值为9.60、活性炭投加量为6 g·L-1。反应60 min,甲基肼去除率可达99.3%,COD去除率可达75.7%。同时,探究了活性炭的重复使用效果,分析了反应过程的中间产物。     

阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对磷钨酸(PW12)光催化还原降解偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的影响

以磷钨酸H3PW12O4（PW12）为光催化剂,异丙醇（IS）作为电子给体,研究阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对PW12光催化还原降解直接耐晒黑G（DB19）的影响.考察了CTAB浓度、pH值、DB19初始浓度等因素对反应的影响,并采用一级反应动力学对反应过程进行分析.结果表明CTAB增强了PW12对直接耐晒黑G的还原脱色作用,CTAB浓度增加,DB19的光催化脱色速率提高.PW12用量对DB19还原脱色的影响程度和趋势与溶液中CTAB浓度有关,当CTAB浓度为0.10 mmol.L-1时,DB19的脱色速率随PW12用量的增加而增加;CTAB浓度为0.05 mmol.L-1,PW12用量为200 mg.L-1时DB19的脱色速率最快,继续增加反而降低.DB19还原脱色速率随其初始浓度升高而降低.另外,通过循环伏安法和暗反应明确还原态杂多蓝对染料的还原脱色作用,并借助UV-Vis光谱研究DB19、PW12、CTAB之间的相互作用,探索CTAB对PW12/IS光催化还原降解DB19的作用机理.该研究结果表明阳离子表面活性剂CTAB能够增强偶氮染料废水的PW12催化还原脱色处理.     

Spatial heterogeneity of lake eutrophication caused by physiogeographic conditions: An analysis of 143 lakes in China

In order to identify the effect of geographic characteristics on the variations of nutrient concentrations and the utilization efficiency of nutrients by phytoplankton, data from 143 lakes, from 2008 to 2010, including three very different types of topography, i.e., the first topography ladder(FTL), second topography ladder(STL), and third topography ladder(TTL), were statistically analyzed. Lakes in the FTL and STL, located at high elevation(above1000 m) and low longitudes(lower than 105° E), were sporadically oligotrophic, whereas lakes in the TTL were almost all mesotrophic and eutrophic. The trophic level index(TLI)became higher with the rise of longitude. Two turning points(5 and 15°C) on the curve of TLI as function of the average annual temperature(AAT) corresponded with the AAT in different lake regions in the STL and TTL. Because the responses of TLI to AAT differ significantly, there were variations of nutrient and algal biomass concentrations in different lake regions in the same type of topography ladder. According to the differences in utilization efficiency of total nitrogen or total phosphorus by phytoplankton, China could be partitioned into six lake regions. Scientific nutrient criteria for each lake region shall be established considering these differences in China.     

吸附树脂组合工艺对微污染水的净化处理效果研究

利用江苏省盐城市串场河水作为源水,在常规处理工艺对源水进行前处理的基础上,结合树脂吸附处理工艺探讨了新型吸附树脂对水源水的处理效果和树脂吸附剂的再生效果.结果表明,新型吸附树脂按照ZH-02、ZH-03和ZH-00的顺序进行组合,对经沉淀砂滤预处理后的饮用水源水中微污染有机化合物具有较好的去除效果,处理2 000 BV后需对树脂进行再生,用2～2.5 BV的醇碱在常温下脱附,元素分析结果表明脱附效果较好,对水源水进行深度处理的原料成本大约为3.9元/t.     

一种事故隐患等级定量划分方法

事故隐患管理是安全管理中重要的内容之一,但目前隐患的分级标准尚处于主观判断阶段,无可行的分级方法。为了进一步明确事故隐患的分类方法,本文基于轨迹交叉理论,分析了事故发生发展的机理过程,将事故隐患分为直接因素导致的事故隐患和间接因素导致的事故隐患,进一步明确了事故隐患的定义。根据事故隐患的定义建立了"隐患危害程度"和"整改难易程度"两个事故隐患等级评判因素。采用事故树分析方法和LEC分析方法,分别分析两个评判因素的大小,再次运用事故树分析方法进行综合评判,建立一种事故隐患等级定量划分方法,最终达到对事故隐患定量分级的目的。     

Assessment of the sources and transformations of nitrogen in a plain river network region using a stable isotope approach

The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen(N)processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate(NO-3) sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium(NH+4-N) concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors(ε) during NH+4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ18O and δ15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ15N and δ18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH+4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.     

汶川8.0级地震触发地质灾害发育分布规律研究

汶川8.0级地震共触发地质灾害13 759处,灾区39个县(市、区)的地质灾害发育密度达14.02处/100 km2。该文采用以上数据,探讨了地震地质灾害的区域性分布规律,着重分析了地震地质灾害与地震烈度、地层岩性、地形坡度及海拔高程等影响因素的关系,得出以下认识:1研究区地震地质灾害主要分布于发震断裂两侧30 km范围内,在区域上表现出沿龙门山中央断裂呈"带状"分布、沿水系呈"线状"或"串状"分布的特征;2地震地质灾害发生的斜坡部位与微地貌形态有着密切的关系,地震地质灾害多沿山脊线或分水岭部位高位分布;3地震地质灾害的发育程度与地震烈度呈正相关关系,地质灾害的发育密度,随着地震烈度等级的降低而降低;4地震地质灾害主要发育在较软岩岩组和坚硬岩岩组内,在地震力作用下,软岩岩组内更容易引发滑坡灾害,崩塌多发育在坚硬岩组内;5在海拔1 000~1 500 m,斜坡坡度30°~50°区域范围内是地质灾害集中发育区,不同坡度范围内,地震地质灾害表现出不同的优势发育类型。     

区间模糊优化在电厂动力配煤技术中的应用

电厂配煤是一项通过混合多种不同品质的原煤来最终达到锅炉燃烧要求的一项技术,动力配煤往往是世界上很多电厂运行过程中一个复杂的优化问题,而优化过程中的模糊性与不确定性往往困扰着电厂的运营者,这篇文章中建立了一种区间模糊模型来解决配煤中的模糊不确定性问题,同时也解决了不同脱硫效率对煤质要求的影响的问题。这种方法可以有效的使电厂充分利用多种煤资源尤其是高硫煤资源,高硫煤不仅价格便宜．而且在很多煤矿中储量很大,在满足环境要求的同时,既降低成本,又充分利用了国家有限的自然资源。