Triazines in the aquatic systems of the Eastern Chinese Rivers Liao-He and Yangtse

The results of a one-year monitoring program on the two Eastern Chinese River systems, i.e. the Liao-He and the Yangtse, with special emphasis on the presence of triazine herbicides are presented. Sediment, suspended solids and water samples from both rivers were analyzed. Additionally, recovery experiments on the SPE-in-field-enrichment procedure and the extraction methods were performed. The samples were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, electron capture detection and a newly developed mu-plasma atomic emission detector. A typical result of a one-year monitoring was obtained in case of the Liao-He: During winter, at low water period, low triazine values were found. A similar situation was found in early spring. Highest concentrations of atrazine up to 1600 ng/l were found in late spring in the water samples. Maximum concentrations of atrazine, simazine, propazine, simetryn and prometryn were observed in this season as a result of the actual use of triazines. Finally, after the high water period in autumn the triazine concentrations decreased. Additionally, atrazine adsorbed on sediment (up to 2.8 ng/g) and suspended solids was determined (up to 8 ng/l) during late spring sampling. Therefore, the logarithm of the organic carbon based sorption coefficient of atrazine could be calculated. Low levels of atrazine were measured in the water of Yangtse (up to 18.3 ng/l). The concentrations from all sampling points and sampling stations of a particular sampling date were similar, which indicates a homogeneous distribution of this herbicide. Due to the high discharge rate of up to 79,000 m3/s in case of the Yangtse a considerable mass transport of up to 57.5 kg per day atrazine may take place, even at concentrations below the European drinking water limit of 100 ng/l.     

活性炭纤维对定型机油烟废气吸附性能研究

采用动态吸附实验装置研究了粘胶基活性碳纤维的耐温性能以及预处理、采样流速、进气浓度对粘胶基活性碳纤维吸附定型机油烟废气平衡吸附量的影响,实验结果表明粘胶基活性碳纤维耐温性能良好,同时经去离子水煮沸2小时的粘胶基活性碳纤维平衡吸附量最大,采样流速增大平衡吸附量减少,但吸附速率变大,采用一级动力学模型较好地反映了吸附过程,Langmuir、Freundlich方程适合拟合低浓度下的吸附等温线,DR方程则较吻合高浓度下的吸附。     

Role of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents in reactions of amines with CO2: A computational study

Various computational methods were employed to investigate the zwitterion formation,a critical step for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO_2,in five solvents(water,monoethanolamine,propylamine,methanol and chloroform) to probe the effect of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents on the reaction of amine with CO_2 occurring in the amine-based CO_2 capture process.The results indicate that the zwitterion can be formed in all considered solvents except chloroform.For two pairs of solvents(methanol and monoethanolamine,propylamine and chloroform) with similar dielectric constant but different hydrogen bond capacity,the solvents with higher hydrogen bond capacity(monoethanolamine and propylamine) facilitate the zwitterion formation.More importantly,kinetics parameters such as activation free energy for the zwitterion formation are more relevant to the hydrogen bond capacity than to dielectric constant of the considered solvents,clarifying the hydrogen bond capacity could be more important than dielectric constant in determining the kinetics of monoethanolamine with CO_2.     

低温等离子体降解污染土壤热脱附尾气中DDTs

为优化低温等离子体技术对污染土壤热脱附尾气的处理效果,采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体处理含DDTs（滴滴涕）的热脱附尾气,控制进气中的ρ（DDTs）为2.873 mg/m3,考察了载气φ（O₂）、等离子体温度、载气湿度和脉冲电压对DDTs降解效果的影响,分析了O₃在降解过程中的作用.结果表明:①当氮气/氧气混合载气中φ（O₂）分别为0、3%、6%、10%、21%和100%时,DDTs降解率分别为80.1%、76.5%、78.4%、81.1%、88.8%和94.6%,ρ（O₃）分别为0、0.20、0.25、0.40、0.99和1.93 mg/L.随着φ（O₂）的增加,ρ（O₃）逐渐增大,除氮气气氛外,DDTs降解率均逐渐增大,当φ（O₂）超过10%时,DDTs降解率较氮气气氛下更高.p,p'-DDD降解率均为100%,p,p'-DDE和o,p'-DDT的降解率随φ（O₂）的增加而增大.氮气气氛下p,p'-DDT降解率高于低浓度氧气气氛,除氮气气氛外,p,p'-DDT降解率随φ（O₂）的增加而增大.②当等离子体温度分别为80、100和150 ℃时,DDTs降解率分别为88.8%、83.2%和56.3%,ρ（O₃）分别为0.99、0.65和0.35 mg/L.当载气湿度为0、1.0、2.7和20.5 g/m3时,DDTs降解率分别为88.8%、81.6%、68.6%和30.0%,ρ（O₃）分别为0.99、0.73、0.56和0.32 mg/L.随着等离子体温度升高、载气湿度增大,反应器内ρ（O₃）逐渐减小,DDTs降解率也随之降低.③DDTs降解率随脉冲电压的升高而增大,当脉冲电压为24 kV、脉冲频率为50 Hz、等离子体温度为80 ℃、气体在反应器中的停留时间为10 s时,DDTs降解率达86.9%.研究显示,脉冲电晕放电等离子体能够快速、有效地去除热脱附尾气中的DDTs.      

珠江三角洲土壤Hg污染区生态地球化学评价

通过系统的区域土壤地球化学调查,珠江三角洲部分地区土壤存在Hg高含量区,主要分布于广州市、佛山市等城市及周边地区。通过多种方法调查分析,认为Hg高含量区属人为污染引起。土壤垂直剖面测量显示:土壤Hg低含量区自地表往2m深处Hg含量变化甚微,而大部分Hg高含量区的土壤从表面往2m深处Hg含量则显著降低。通过相态分析和重砂分析等方法,证实土壤污染区Hg主要以硫化物存在,部分硫化物为结晶态(即辰砂);污染区土壤在酸性→弱酸性→中性→弱碱性环境下,活泼相态Hg含量极低且变化极小。通过壤中Hg气测量和模拟大气Hg试验,推测污染区土壤Hg极可能有部分进入大气层。通过对部分农作物Hg含量调查,显示土壤Hg污染对不同种类农作物的影响差异较大,初步表明土壤Hg污染已影响部分农产品的质量但对质量安全构成的威胁并不大。     

水稻田非点源污染原位试验研究

为了研究野外水稻田的非点源污染,本试验采取一种新的原位观测方法:即在不改变水稻田原有出流特征前提下,在水稻生长季采集田面水水位和降雨信息,通过水位变化曲线计算水稻田每日的蒸散发和渗漏损失量,再根据水量平衡关系计算径流量.观测期间定期采集田面水测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度,根据径流量和浓度估算非点源污染流出负荷量.试验选取北京市海淀区上庄镇某村水稻田试验田块,通过1年的试验观测得到在生长季内的37场降雨中共有9场降雨产生了出流.另外,还有2次人工排水和1次农田回归流形成了非点源污染.经计算试验区水稻田每个生长季TN输出系数为8.8 kg·hm-2,TP输出系数为0.47 kg·hm-2.该观测方法针对具有多出水口且最低田埂高度动态变化的野外水稻田的非点源污染观测具有较强的可操作性.     

Quantitative modeling of freshwater stress in the nine water basins of Tanzania

Freshwater scarcity is a global issue of environmental concern that threatens agricultural production and human health. In this study, we established freshwater stress indices (WSIs) for the nine water basins of Tanzania by using the quantity of freshwater available and various water uses. The relationship between water availability and different water uses, including environmental water requirements, was analyzed, with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis performed by a Monte Carlo simulation technique. Extreme WSI values close to 1.00 were obtained in the Rufiji, Pangani, and Wami-ruvu basins, Internal drainage, and Lake Rukwa, while low and moderate WSI values ranging from 0.03 to 0.84 were found in Lake Victoria and the Ruvuma, Tanganyika, and Nyasa basins. This study adds further knowledge on the level of freshwater scarcity, relationships between water availability and different water uses, and suggests policy options to reduce freshwater scarcity at the basin level for sustainable water supply.     

面向化学品风险预测的计算毒理学软件比较研究

化学品风险评价是进行化学品环境管理和污染防治的前提,其关键在于化学品环境暴露和危害性数据的获取。仅采用实验测试获取相关数据的效率较低、成本高,难以满足数以万计的化学品风险评价的需求。以定量构效关系(QSAR)模型为代表的计算毒理学技术,可实现化学品环境暴露与危害性参数的高通量预测,是填补相关数据缺失的重要方法。近年来,计算毒理学领域发展了一批面向化学品环境暴露和危害性参数预测的软件工具,集成了数据和模型资源,在化学品管理活动中发挥了重要作用。本研究共搜集了国内外25款计算毒理学软件,通过文献资料调研和软件试用,从开发背景、预测终点、预测方法、功能与信息完整度和内嵌模型预测性能等方面对软件进行分析比较。分析表明,化学品管理法规支持、多方合作和数据共享,是计算毒理学软件开发的重要基础条件。现有计算毒理学软件在预测终点覆盖度、预测结果可靠性、软件实用性和可拓展性方面仍有提升空间。未来相关软件的开发需要结合深度学习等先进建模技术,增强软件的预测性能并扩大其应用范围,使之成为化学品风险综合评价和决策分析的实用工具。     

海藻在处理含重金属废水中的应用研究

在重金属水污染较严重的背景下,文章详细介绍了海藻在处理含重金属废水的机理,分析了海藻处理含重金属废水的具体应用情况,对生物吸附提出了未来发展的方向和趋势.