城市给水厂紫外-氯消毒工艺运行效能的综合评价

针对城市给水厂紫外-氯消毒工艺应用过程中存在缺少技术文件指导和管理水平不足的问题,建立了紫外-氯工艺运行效能综合评价模型,以明确一定条件下紫外-氯工艺的最佳运行参数,为给水厂紫外-氯工艺运行管理提供参考。基于灰色聚类关联分析模型和技术成本效益模型,分别建立了紫外-氯工艺运行技术效能评价模型和经济收益评价模型,从技术效能和经济收益两方面,对不同地域的4座给水厂（编号为A、B、C和D）进行了工艺运行综合效能评价。评价结果表明,C厂紫外-氯工艺的综合效能最佳,主要工艺参数为紫外剂量42.8 mJ·cm⁻²、有效氯投量1.8 mg·L⁻¹。本研究结果可为给水厂紫外-氯工艺的调试及运行提供参考。     

污泥接种策略与联氨促进垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动及其运行效果

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动速度慢及在垃圾渗滤液中脱氮效率低的问题,探究了厌氧氨氧化工艺在处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液中的快速启动及稳定运行策略。结果表明,厌氧氨氧化工艺接种反硝化污泥:anammox颗粒污泥=9:1的启动效果最佳,100 d时TN去除率可达75.1%。但由于垃圾渗滤液中COD较高,异养反硝化菌生长迅速且严重影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性。通过投加6 mg·L⁻¹的N₂H₄之后,异养反硝化菌活性受到抑制,反应器内厌氧氨氧菌占据主导地位,Candidatus Kuenenia菌相对丰度由0.2%提升到10.6%,TN去除率及氮去除速率分别达90.6%和0.143 kg·(kg·d)⁻¹以上。在厌氧氨氧化工艺中投加适量N₂H₄可实现垃圾渗滤液的稳定高效自养脱氮。     

长沙地区PM2.5传输路径和潜在源区时空分析

长沙地区是长江中下游重要的经济发展核心区,受本地排放与外来源输送等多因素的共同作用,其大气污染状况一直都是区域乃至国家高度重视的生态环境问题.前期研究揭示了长沙地区大气污染的扩散规律,为进一步研究该地区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）外来源特征,采用拉格朗日混合型单粒子轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）探究2013—2020年长沙地区PM_2.5外来源区分布特征,继而采用轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）、浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法等从年、季节等不同尺度分析区域PM_2.5时空分布规律及其外来污染物输送源特征.结果表明,在国家与地区大气污染联防联控等政策的驱动下,2013—2020年长沙地区年均PM_2.5浓度由81.80 μg·m^-3下降至42.96 μg·m^-3并呈显著季节差异,大气污染防治措施成效显著.季节尺度上,PM_2.5浓度主要呈现冬高夏低的态势,冬季最高（81.48 μg·m^-3）,其次为秋季（50.90 μg·m^-3）与春季（47.39 μg·m^-3）,最小值出现在夏季（25.74 μg·m^-3）;另一方面,2013—2020年长沙地区外来源潜在源区主要分布于湘东北、赣西北、豫南和鄂中地区.具体而言,春、秋、冬三季大气污染物主要来源于蒙古国西南部的长距离西北气流,分别占当年轨迹比重的4.73%、12.93%、12.66%,而夏季大气污染物主要来源于南海南部的中长距离南方气流,占当年轨迹比重的19.06%.     

近场地震作用下单跨斜交桥地震反应分析∗

斜交桥动力特性复杂、震害多样,准确评估斜交桥地震反应意义重大,尤其在基于性能桥梁抗震设计中,需要对斜交桥三维精细化模型进行非线性地震反应分析。以单跨斜交桥为研究对象,建立考虑桥台非线性特性和双向碰撞作用的桥梁三维精细化有限元模型,开展水平双向近场地震动作用下结构的非线性地震反应分析,研究不同桥台横向约束模型对斜交桥地震反应的影响以及不同斜交角度斜交桥地震反应规律。结果表明：桥台横向约束条件对斜交桥地震反应有较大影响,在抗震性能分析中需对桥台和碰撞作用进行合理考虑;桥台双向碰撞作用对上部结构平面转动的影响显著,且易导致桥台钝角处的回填土失效和锐角处的挡块损伤;斜交桥的碰撞力明显高于直桥,纵向位移和平面转角随斜交角度的增大而增大。     

韧性视角下的综合防灾减灾规划研究

我国自然灾害种类多、影响范围大,各类灾害风险交织叠加,防灾减灾工作面临严峻挑战,同时也对“十四五”期间综合防灾减灾规划编制提出了更高要求。韧性是一种应对风险的科学理念,运用韧性理念指导防灾减灾规划编制有助于发挥规划在防灾减灾工作中的引领作用,全面提高防灾减灾工作治理体系与治理能力。在对韧性概念理念与内涵进行了深入分析的基础上,该文将“城市安全五维体系”运用于防灾减灾领域并对防灾减灾工作内容进行了重构,通过五维体系视角回顾上两版国家层面综合防灾减灾规划,总结了综合防灾减灾规划趋势,系统梳理了综合防灾减灾规划编制背景,基于韧性理念提出了“十四五”综合防灾减灾规划编制建议。     

不同填料对减缓MBR膜污染影响的研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)由于存在膜污染问题,使水通过膜的阻力增加,过滤性下降,导致膜通量下降或跨膜压差升高,增加运行费用,限制了其进一步推广应用.通过向MBR中投加填料可以改善膜组件性能、优化系统运行条件以及改善混合液特性,从而减缓膜污染.重点分析了颗粒填料、悬浮填料和絮凝剂的投加对膜污染减缓的影响,进一步展望了可用于改善MBR系统填料的研发价值以及该工艺在污水处理和中水回用领域的良好前景.     

Inactivation and subsequent reactivation of Aspergillus species by the combination of UV and monochloramine: Comparisons with UV/chlorine

Ultraviolet (UV)/monochloramine (NH₂Cl) as an advanced oxidation process was firstly applied for Aspergillus spores inactivation. This study aims to: i) clarify the inactivation and photoreactivation characteristics of UV/NH₂Cl process, ii) compared with UV/Cl₂ in inactivation efficiency, photoreactivation and energy consumption. The results illustrated that UV/NH₂Cl showed better inactivation efficiency than that of UV alone and UV/Cl₂, and could effectively control the photoreactivation. For instance, the inactivation rates for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus in the processes of UV/NH₂Cl (2.0 mg/L) was 0.034, 0.030 and 0.061 cm²/mJ, respectively, which were higher than that of UV alone (0.027, 0.026 and 0.024 cm²/mJ) and UV/Cl₂ (0.023, 0.026 and 0.031 cm²/mJ). However, there was no synergistic effect for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. As for Aspergillus niger, the best synergistic effect can reach 1.86-log₁₀. This may be due to their different resistance to disinfectants, which were related to the size, an outer layer of rodlets (hydrophobins) and pigments. After UV/NH₂Cl inactivation, the degree of cell membrane damage and intracellular reactive oxygen species were higher than that of UV alone. UV/NH₂Cl had the advantages of high inactivation efficiency and inhibition of photoreactivation, which provides a new entry point for the disinfection of waterborne fungi.     

Effects of ultrasonication on the DBP formation and toxicity during chlorination of saline wastewater effluents

Chlorine disinfection of saline wastewater effluents rich in bromide and iodide forms relatively toxic brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Ultrasonication is a relatively new water treatment technology, and it is less sensitive to suspended solids in wastewaters. In this study, we examined the effects of ultrasonication (in terms of reactor type and combination mode with chlorination) on the DBP formation and toxicity in chlorinated primary and secondary saline wastewater effluents. Compared with the chlorinated wastewater effluent samples without ultrasonication, ultrasonic horn pretreatment of the wastewater effluent samples reduced the total organic halogen (TOX) levels in chlorination by ∼30%, but ultrasonic bath pretreatment of the wastewater samples did not significantly change the TOX levels in chlorination, which might be attributed to the higher energy utilization and decomposition extent of organic DBP precursors in the ultrasonic horn reactor. Moreover, the TOX levels in the chlorinated samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment (USH–chlorination), simultaneous treatment (chlorination+USH) and subsequent treatment (chlorination–USH) were also significantly reduced, with the maximum TOX reductions occurring in the samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment. A toxicity index was calculated by weighting and summing the levels of total organic chlorine, total organic bromine and total organic iodine in each treated sample. The calculated toxicity index values of the chlorinated wastewater effluent samples followed a descending rank order of “chlorination” > “chlorination+USH” > “chlorination–USH” > “USH–chlorination”, with the lowest toxicity occurring in the samples with ultrasonic horn pretreatment. Then, a developmental toxicity bioassay was conducted for each treated sample. The measured toxicity index values of the chlorinated wastewater samples followed the same descending rank order.     

微生物燃料电池耦合连续搅拌反应系统(CSTR)低温下处理“糖蜜-电镀”废水

为提高传统微生物燃料电池(MFC)在低温条件下的效率,实现实验装置放大化.本实验将连续搅拌反应系统(CSTR)与双极室微生物燃料电池系统相结合,连续流处理糖蜜废水,并间接回收金属单质,处理模拟电镀废水,考察系统的产电性能和废水处理效果.结果表明,当系统稳定运行后,最高电压及功率密度分别可达到340 m V和58.65 m W·m-2.20 d后,系统COD去除率明显增加,最高COD去除率可达到81%.实验运行10 d后,银离子开始析出,最高去除率可达到90%左右.     

汾河沿岸农田土壤喹诺酮类抗生素残留特征及风险评估

选取山西省汾河沿岸71个代表性农田土壤,采用液相色谱-质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)分析了4种喹诺酮类抗生素(quinolones,QLs)的残留水平和空间分布特征,探究影响抗生素残留的环境因子,并评估QLs残留的生态风险.结果表明:①汾河沿岸农田土壤中QLs检出情况为:诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFC)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CFC)、恩氟沙星(enrofloxacin,EFC)检出率为100%,氧氟沙星(ofloxacin,OFC)检出率为98.6%,QLs分布广泛.土壤样品中QLs组成以NFC为主,平均检出浓度为2.54μg·kg~(-1),其次为CFC和OFC,平均检出浓度分别为0.54μg·kg~(-1)和0.36μg·kg~(-1).②空间分布特征分析表明,上中游QLs检出情况相似,均表现为EFC OFC CFC NFC,下游表现为EFC CFC OFC NFC.汾河中游沿岸农田土壤抗生素浓度最高,太原市清徐县4种QLs平均残留浓度为沿河县市最高,为19.67μg·kg~(-1),灵石县次之,为15.21μg·kg~(-1),应引起重视.③冗余分析表明,QLs含量与pH呈负相关;NFC、CFC和EFC与有机质含量无明显相关关系,OFC与有机质含量呈正相关,这可能与OFC中氧与有机质中极性官能团发生氢键作用有关;NFC、CFC和EFC与阳离子交换量(CEC)呈正相关,而OFC无明显相关,可能与弱极性环氧醚的弱作用力有关;NFC、OFC含量与土壤砂粒含量呈正相关.④汾河沿岸农田土壤中QLs生态风险较低,其中NFC、OFC和CFC呈中低度风险,EFC全部表现为低风险.本研究旨在为汾河沿岸QLs污染控制与农产品安全监督提供科学依据.