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261.
对偶线性规划模型在大气污染物最优化控制中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
针对大气污染的问题,运用系统工程的方法,建立对偶线性规划模型,采用最优控制理论对大气环境治理实施最优控制,最终实现经济效益,社会效益和环境效益的统一。 相似文献
262.
Joan B. Silk Jeanne Altmann Susan C. Alberts 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(2):183-195
Sociality has positive effects on female fitness in many mammalian species. Among female baboons, those who are most socially integrated reproduce most successfully. Here we test a number of predictions derived from kin selection theory about the strength of social bonds among adult female baboons. Our analyses are based on systematic observations of grooming and association patterns among 118 females living in seven different social groups in the Amboseli Basin of Kenya over a 16-year period. Females in these groups formed the strongest bonds with close kin, including their mothers, daughters, and maternal and paternal sisters. Females were also strongly attracted toward females who were close to their own age, perhaps because peers were often paternal sisters. Females’ bonds with their maternal sisters were strengthened after their mother’s deaths, whereas their relationships with their maternal aunts were weakened after their mother’s death. In addition, females formed stronger bonds with their paternal sisters when no close maternal kin were available, and they compensated for the absence of any close kin by forming strong bonds with nonrelatives. Taken together, these data suggest that social bonds play a vital role in females’ lives, and the ability to establish and maintain strong social bonds may have important fitness consequences for females.Joan B. Silk is on sabbatical at Cambridge University from September 2005 to August 2006. Tel.: +44-7929759697; Fax: +44-1223-335460. 相似文献
263.
Andrew M. Bouwma Kenneth J. Howard Robert L. Jeanne 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,59(2):222-233
Behavior in eusocial insects likely reflects a long history of selection imposed by parasites and pathogens because the conditions of group living often favor the transmission of infection among nestmates. Yet, relatively few studies have quantified the effects of parasites on both the level of individual colony members and of colony success, making it difficult to assess the relative importance of different parasites to the behavioral ecology of their social insect hosts. Colonies of Polybia occidentalis, a Neotropical social wasp, are commonly infected by gregarines (Phylum Apicomplexa; Order Eugregarinida) during the wet season in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. To determine the effect of gregarine infection on individual workers in P. occidentalis, we measured foraging rates of marked wasps from colonies comprising both infected and uninfected individuals. To assess the effect of gregarines on colony success, we measured productivity and adult mortality rates in colonies with different levels of infection prevalence (proportion of adults infected). Foraging rates in marked individuals were negatively correlated with the intensity of gregarine infection. Infected colonies with high gregarine prevalence constructed nests with fewer brood cells per capita, produced less brood biomass per capita, and, surprisingly, experienced lower adult mortality rates than did uninfected or lightly infected colonies. These data strongly suggest that gregarine infection lowers foraging rates, thus reducing risk to foragers and, consequently, reducing adult mortality rates, while at the same time lowering per-capita input of materials and colony productivity. In infected colonies, queen populations were infected with a lower prevalence than were workers. Intra-colony infection prevalence decreased dramatically in the P. occidentalis population during the wet season.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
264.
We measured patterns of individual forager specialization and colony-wide rates of material input during periods of response to experimental nest damage and during control periods in three colonies of the tropical social wasp Polybia occidentalis.
Offprint requests to: S. O'Donnell 相似文献
(1) | Most foragers specialized on gathering a single material. While active, foragers rarely switched materials, and most switching that did occur was between functionally related materials — prey and nectar (food materials) or wood pulp and water (nest materials). |
(2) | Individuals differed greatly in activity level, here expressed as rate of foraging. Workers that foraged at high rates specialized on a single material in almost all cases. Specialized, highly active foragers comprised a minority (about 33%) of the working foragers in each colony, yet provided most of the material input. |
(3) | Individual wasps that responded to experimental nest damage by foraging for nest materials did not gather food on days preceding or following manipulation. |
(4) | On the colony level, nectar and prey foraging rates were not affected by foraging effort allocated to nest repair within days, or when comparing control days with days when damage was imposed. The emergency foraging response to nest damage in P. occidentalis did not depend on effort recruited away from food foraging. |
265.
Jeanne L. Burton Brian W. McBride 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1989,2(2):129-159
The intent of this article is to outline, integrate, and interpret relevant scientific, economic, and social issues of rbST technology that have contributed to the acceptance dilemma for this product. The public is divided into social groups, each with its own set of criteria on which they base rbSTs acceptability. Criteria for the scientific community may best be described as physiological. However, for consumers, criteria may be more practical, or procedural, including human health, animal welfare, environmental concerns, and overproduction. Because the business of dairy production depends on demand from the consuming public, the criteria for acceptance of rbST by producers largely reflects those of the consumers. Of necessity, producers are also critical of rbST from a business and animal improvement standpoint. Although this article demonstrates that rbST has met most physiological criteria for acceptance, the consuming public has treated the acceptance issue with forceful skepticism. The question this article addresses is, why? The authors comment that with rbST and other biotechnologies applied to agricultural animal production, it will be the responsibility of government health agencies, scientists, and manufacturers of the products to provide early, adequate, and honest public education. Attention to the concerns of the public may be the only means to prevent hysteria over this and future agricultural products of biotechnology and will, therefore, allow the public to form logical and thoughtful criteria assessments with respect to acceptance or rejection of each product. 相似文献
266.
为了解高放废物处置库北山预选区深部地下水是否会通过断裂流入河西走廊地区,危害当地的生态环境和人民安全,本文以北山预选区及其邻区为研究对象,利用同位素地球化学方法,建立了研究区当地大气降水线方程和同位素高程效应方程,通过对比两个系统地下水δD、δ~(18)O值和氘盈余特征的差异,确定北山地区与走廊地区的深部地下水具有不同的起源,即北山预选区深部地下水起源于地质历史时期受到过强烈蒸发的大气降水,祁连山北麓-河西走廊地区地下水呈现出典型的现代大气降水补给特征,没有表现出明显的蒸发特征,氢、氧稳定同位素特征表明北山预选区深部地下水并未进入走廊地区,为高放废物处置库的选址工作提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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