青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2、NH3及PM2.5中氮组分的浓度特征和气-粒平衡关系

研究PM2.5中NO-3、NO-2、NH+4及其气态前体物HNO3、HNO2、NH3的浓度特征和气-粒平衡关系,对深入认识PM2.5的来源及控制因素具有重要意义.因此,本文利用2012年6—7月在青岛采集的denuder和PM2.5大气样品,分析了其中气态和颗粒态氮组分的浓度.结果发现,青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2和NH3浓度分别为(0.80±0.79)μg·m-3、(0.49±0.59)μg·m-3和(4.71±4.03)μg·m-3,PM2.5中NO-3、NO-2和NH+4的浓度分别为(7.50±9.00)μg·m-3、(0.07±0.02)μg·m-3和(8.23±5.57)μg·m-3.HNO3气体浓度的昼夜变化具有统计意义上的显著差异,白天平均为1.16μg·m-3,高于夜晚的0.44μg·m-3,但其他氮组分无显著昼夜差异.观测期间,青岛大气为富氨环境,PM2.5中NH+4主要以(NH4)2SO4的形式存在,NO-3生成主要受HNO3的限制.利用ISORROPIA II热力学平衡模型探讨了青岛PM2.5中氮组分的控制因子,通过敏感性实验发现,颗粒态NO-3和NH+4分别对总HNO3(TN)和总H2SO4(TS)的变化响应敏感,而对总NH3(TA)的变化响应不敏感,这暗示了减少大气中TN和TS而不是TA对降低青岛PM2.5浓度更有效.     

碳酸盐体系天然水体多指标酸化模型

本文以碳酸盐体系为基础提出适于区域环境水体酸化敏感性多指标评价模型,利用该模型结合各评价指标的标准化体系可进行大尺度范围水体酸化敏感性评价。     

Immunocompetence analysis of the aquatic snail Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to urban wastewaters

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Wastewater treatment plant effluents from urban area are a well-known source of chronic multiple micropollution to the downstream living organisms. In...     

基于成本分析的西部生态补偿法律机制研究

建立和实施西部生态补偿机制,是加强西部生态建设和强化西部生态功能专业化服务的必由之路。生态系统服务补偿理论和自然资本理论为我们分析西部生态补偿提供了新的分析范式,西部生态补偿包括国家补偿、区域和流域补偿、自力补偿三个层次。其内部的成本关系包括生态服务利用成本关系、跨区域资源调配成本关系、生态工程实施成本关系、内部补偿成本关系等,基于成本分析基础上的三层次补偿关系协同发展是完善西部生态补偿法律机制的基本内容。     

Biacore biosensor immunoassay for 4-nonylphenols: assay optimization and applicability for shellfish analysis

A rapid Biacore biosensor immunoassay of 4-nonylphenols was developed. Two types of antibodies were used in the study: polyclonal antibodies with high cross-reactivity towards technical 4-nonylphenol and a monoclonal antibody very specific to 4-n-nonylphenol. 9-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)nonanoic acid was immobilized onto surface of a sensor chip. The best assay sensitivity was achieved using a flow rate of 50 microl min(-1) and injection time of 2 min. For the assay incorporating monoclonal antibodies a limit of detection 2 ng ml(-1) for 4-n-nonylphenol was achieved. With polyclonal antibodies one order lower sensitivity was observed for 4-nonylphenols. High background level of calibration curve for technical 4-nonylphenol was decreased by using IgG fraction of polyclonal antibodies in combination with lower amount of immobilised 9-(p-hydroxyphenyl)nonanoic acid. Sensitivity of the assay was improved by using a chip with a new derivative on a surface-N-aminobutyl [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine] (limit of detection--5 ng ml(-1)). Applicability of the developed assays to ecological monitoring was checked in experiments using shellfish samples. 4-n-Nonylphenol from spiked samples was extracted into hexane followed by clean-up on NH2 SPE columns. Calibration curves generated for cockles, mussels and oyster samples were identical (limit of detection about 10 ng g(-1)) whereas for scallop samples a slight decrease (about 5-10%) of absolute response was observed. In the assay using the monoclonal antibody specific to 4-n-nonylphenol 31 shellfish samples were found to be negative. Results obtained with polyclonal antibodies indicated that two scallop samples contained a quantity of 4-nonylphenols. The developed biosensor assay could be applied for shellfish analysis as a preliminary screening method.     

水稻花药特异表达启动子的克隆与活性检测

植物雄性器官特异表达启动子的克隆是作物杂种优势利用分子育种的基础.根据水稻花药特异表达RA8基因序列设计引物,从水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种日本晴中克隆得到水稻花药特异表达基因RA8启动子Tsp2,该启动子为RA8基因翻译起始位点上游828 bp的片段,具有启动子特征序列TATA盒TATAAATA和真核生物启动子特征序列CAAT框,与RA8启动子的核苷酸序列同源性为97%.利用该启动子与报告基因GFP构建植物表达载体p1304-rap,采用基因枪法转化烟草花药,通过GFP的瞬时表达证明该启动子具有花药特异启动子活性. 图5 参9     

青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2和NH3的浓度及其影响因素

硝酸(HNO₃)、亚硝酸(HNO₂)和氨气(NH₃)是大气中重要的含氮化合物,不仅影响大气的光化学氧化能力和酸碱性,还在大气氮沉降中有重要贡献.利用2012年5月4—13日在青岛采集的denuder大气样品,分析了其中HNO₃、HNO₂和NH₃的浓度.青岛大气中HNO₃、HNO₂和NH₃浓度分别为0.88~6.15 μg·m^-3、0.07~2.02 μg·m^-3和0.47~7.87 μg·m^-3,平均分别为2.06 μg·m^-3、0.92 μg·m^-3和3.03 μg·m^-3.大气中3种气体浓度的昼夜变化均无显著性差异.平行采集的样品分析结果显示:denuder涂层的差异对HNO₃和NH₃的观测结果影响较小,但对HNO₂的影响较大,且高温天气易于造成HNO₂更大的观测误差.青岛大气中HNO₃浓度与温度呈正相关、与湿度呈负相关关系,高温低湿天气时样品中HNO₃的浓度一般较高,而高湿或降雨天气时的浓度则较低.NH₃浓度与风向呈显著相关关系,主要受局地一次排放源的影响, NH₄NO₃和NH₄NO₂分解对青岛大气中NH₃的贡献小于23%.青岛大气样品中NH₃的浓度在阵雨时以受土壤释放的影响为主,浓度较高;而连续降雨时则以受湿清除作用的影响为主,浓度较低.     

环境影响评价中清洁生产分析存在的问题及改进建议

论述了清洁生产分析已成为建设项目环境影响评价的重要内容，但尚存在三个主要问题，提出做好清洁生产分析的建议。     

Cannabis use and self-reported collisions in a representative sample of adult drivers

PROBLEM: This study examines the relationships between collision involvement and several measures of cannabis use, including driving after using cannabis, among drivers, based on a population survey of Ontario adults in 2002 and 2003. METHOD: Logistic regression analyses examined self-reported collision involvement in the last 12 months by lifetime use of cannabis, past year use of cannabis, and past year driving after using cannabis, while controlling for demographic characteristics. RESULTS: We found that the odds of reporting collision involvement was significantly higher among cannabis users, and among those who reported driving after cannabis use. Some evidence for a dose-response relationship was seen as well. DISCUSSION: Cannabis users and people who report driving after cannabis use are also more likely to report being involved in a collision in the past year. These observations suggest that collision prevention efforts could be aimed at these groups. Additional work to determine the causal pathways involved in the relationships observed here is needed. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: None.     

Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste: composition and its implications

The amount of spent rechargeable lithium batteries （RLBs） is growing rapidly owing to wide application of these batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which obliges that spent RLBs should be handled properly. Identification of spent RLBs can supply fundamental information for spent RLBs recycling. This study aimed to determine the differences of physical components and chemical compositions among various spent RLBs. All the samplings of RLBs were rigorously dismantled and measured by an inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results indicate that the average of total weight of the separator, the anode and the cathode accounted for over 60% of all the RLBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al. Moreover, no significant differences were found among different manufacturers, applications, and electrolyte types. And regarding portable electronic devices, there is also no significant difference in the Co-Li concentration ratios in the leaching liquid of RLBs.