Managing Manure from China’s Pigs and Poultry: The Influence of Ecological Rationality

We have investigated manure management practices at three farm scales in Chinese pig and poultry production. The concept of ecological rationality was employed to explore empirically how environmental concerns drive adoption of environmental-friendly manure management technologies at different farm scales. The more developed Rudong County in Jiangsu Province and the less developed Zhongjiang County in Sichuan Province were chosen as cases for study of 258 animal breeders. On the contrary to our hypothesis, medium-scale farmers were not always found to be laggards in adoption of manure management technologies. Government ecological rationality played a key role to induce environmental-friendly technology adoption on its own, but also in cooperation with ecologically rational individual or network drivers. Authorities no longer applied their efforts in a conventional command-and-control way, but more in the form of incentives, stimulation, and information to farmers. Individual farmers in general showed low environmental responsibility in relation to manure handling.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments from the western and southern catchments of the Bohai Sea, China: toxicity assessment and source identification

The concentration, distribution, and origin of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in river sediments from the western and southern catchments of the Bohai Sea, China. A toxicity assessment of 28 sediment samples collected from 15 main rivers was conducted by utilizing threshold and probable effect concentrations (TEC and PEC, respectively) derived from consensus-based sediment quality guidelines. The concentrations of total PAHs (∑PAH₁₆) ranged from 0.14 to 10,757 μg/kg dry weight (mean?=?1,368.6 μg/kg). The high concentrations of PAHs found in Binhai New Area of Tianjin and Binzhou City are likely the result of rapid population and heavy industry growth, resulting in elevated point and nonpoint source inputs of PAHs. Of the samples collected, samples 1 and 10 (7.1 % of the total) were categorized as toxic since some of the PAH concentrations exceeded the corresponding PECs. Twenty samples were classified as nontoxic, with both the individual PAH and the∑PAH₁₆ concentrations falling below the corresponding TECs. Analyses of selected PAH isomer ratios aided in the identification of PAH origins, allowing for a discrimination between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Spatial variability confirmed source heterogeneity within the study area. The most significant PAH-associated contamination was found in the Beitang River and Ji Canal, which are located in Binhai New Area. The magnitude of contamination and the likelihood of an ongoing influx of PAHs support the need for a better understanding of pollution sources and methods for both control and sediment restoration.     

城市降雨径流污染模拟的水质参数局部灵敏度分析

在城市降雨径流污染模拟研究中,参数灵敏度分析是进行模型率定和验证的必要研究环节,同时也是理解非点源污染产生和变化过程及进行城市降雨径流污染管理的重要参考.运用修正的摩尔斯分类筛选法(Morris screening method)对暴雨管理模型(Storm Water Management Model,简称SWMM)的水质参数进行局部灵敏度分析.研究结果显示,占区域比例较大的不透水地表的累积和冲刷参数灵敏度较高;在强降雨过程中,降雨中污染物浓度的灵敏度较高.研究表明,对占区域比例较大的不透水地表的累积和冲刷参数进行仔细识别,对于非点源污染模型的验证具有重要意义;强降雨时雨水本底浓度的测量误差会影响降雨径流污染模拟的准确度.     

稀疏数据下复杂流域的水质模拟:以赣江为例

以赣江流域为例,对稀疏数据条件下复杂流域水质模型的建立和参数识别进行了探讨．采用了结构相对比较简单的CSTR模型,将其参数划分为水文参数和水质参数,并分别进行识别．水文参数采用回归方法进行识别,对水文参数的扰动实验表明,水质对于水文参数在可能的取值范围内的变化不敏感,因此在随后的水质参数的识别中,将其固定在回归方法求出的最优值上．水质参数的确定则采用了模型方法和资料方法相结合的手段,综合考虑了赣江流域可获得的数据信息、文献资料中对于参数的经验取值和模拟者在大量数学建模中的经验,最终根据河流的不同类型确定了赣江流域的水质参数,并对模型进行了验证。     

环境基础设施市场化运作下的政府管理

论述了环境基础设施投资运行机制的市场化改革，是解决目前环境基础设施供需矛盾尖锐、投入不足、效率低下的一条重要途径。认为环境基础设施的特殊性决定了其在市场化运作中，政府加强管理具有重要意义。结合城市给排水和垃圾处理设施的特点，提出并讨论了在市场化运作的背景下，政府管理城市环境基础设施的主要目标、内容及政策体系。     

污水消毒技术评述

污水消毒技术已经有了一个多世纪的发展,而水资源短缺和水质标准的提高使得人们对污水消毒技术的要求更加严格.传统加氯消毒虽然技术成熟、应用广泛,但由于产生有毒消毒副产物,正逐渐被其他消毒工艺替代,这种趋势在国外尤为明显.本文就目前使用的污水消毒工艺的原理、特点和常用参数作了介绍,同时对目前研究较多的新技术作简要概述,为我国污水消毒技术的改进提供借鉴.     

给水工业的特性及其可持续发展

给水工业是关系到社会生产和人民生活的基础性行业。长期以来,给水工业在平衡自身经济效益与社会用水效益过程中,一直以满足于后者的要求为主导,造成了我国当前给水工业发展中的举步维艰。本文以可持续发展的思想为基础,提出了保证给水工业可持续发展的基本原则,并分析了给水工业的特性及世界范围内的市场化趋势的原因。这些研究为制定我国水工业发展的政策和管理体系提供了理论基础。     

Uncertainty analysis on aquatic environmental impacts of urban land use change

Uncertainties hamper the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA). In order to quantitatively characterize the uncertainties of environmental impacts, this paper develops an integrated methodology through uncertainty analysis on land use change, which combines the scenario analysis approach, stochastic simulation technique, and statistics. Dalian city in China was taken as a case study in the present work. The results predict that the Fuzhou River poses the highest environmental pollution risk with a probability of 89.63% for COD in 2020. Furthermore, the Biliu River, Fuzhou River, Zhuang River, and Dasha River have 100% probabilities for NH₃-N. NH₃-N is a more critical pollutant than COD for all rivers. For COD, industry is the critical pollution source for all rivers except the Zhuang River. For NH₃-N, agriculture is the critical pollution source for the Biliu River, Yingna River, and Dasha River, sewage for the Fuzhou River and Zhuang River, and industry for the Dengsha River. This methodology can provide useful information, such as environmental risk, environmental pressure, and extremely environmental impact, especially under considerations of uncertainties. It can also help to ascertain the significance of each pollution source and its priority for control in urban planning.     

Concentration estimation of heavy metal in soils from typical sewage irrigation area of Shandong Province,China using reflectance spectroscopy

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since sewage irrigation can markedly disturb the status of heavy metals in soils, a convenient and accurate technique for heavy metal concentration...     

An integrated model for structure optimization and technology screening of urban wastewater systems

The conventional approach to wastewater system design and planning considers each component separately and does not provide the optimum performance of the entire system. However, the growing concern for environmental protection, economic efficiency, and sustainability of urban wastewater systems requires an integrated modeling of subsystems and a synthetic evaluation of multiple objectives. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model of an integrated urban wastewater system was developed. The model encompasses subsystems, such as a sewer system, stormwater management, municipal wastewater treatment, and a wastewater reclamation system. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to generate a range of system design possibilities to optimize conflicting environmental and economic objectives. Information from a knowledge base, which included rules for generating treatment trains as well as the performance characteristics of commonly used water pollution control measures, was utilized. The trade-off relationships between the objectives, total water pollution loads to the environment, and life cycle costs (which consist of investment as well as operation and maintenance costs), can be illustrated using Pareto charts. The developed model can be used to assist decision makers in the preliminary planning of system structure. A benchmark city was constructed to illustrate the methods of multi-objective controls, highlight cost-effective water pollution control measures, and identify the main pressures on urban water environment.