Review of the application of quantum dots in the heavy-metal detection

Heavy-metal contamination is a major concern, as excessive heavy metals produce environmental pollution, and the cumulative effects of heavy metals in vivo pose a major threat to human health. There is an urgent need for a rapid, sensitive, and efficient method for detecting heavy metals. Quantum dots (QDs) are in the category of semiconductor nanocrystals whose radii are less than or close to the exciton Bohr radius. QDs possess a potential in the biological and medical fields to function as a new type of fluorescent marker, because of their unique and tunable photophysical properties, which include broad excitation spectrum, narrow emission spectrum, tunable emission wavelengths, and negligible photobleaching. In recent years, QDs made significant progress in quantitative analysis by providing a new approach for determination of chemical content analysis. The aim of this study was to review the research progress of QD detection of heavy metals in water and consider the challenges and future outlook for QD-based sensors for heavy-metal ions.     

新疆阿克苏地区地下水优先控制污染物的确定

为确定新疆阿克苏地区地下水优先控制污染物,结合潜在危害指数法和综合评分法对新疆阿克苏地区地下水中9项评价指标进行了优先控制污染物筛选,利用GIS软件分析了阿克苏地区地下水优先控制污染物的空间分布规律,并将地下水中各优先控制污染物与土地利用类型在空间上进行叠加,结合土地利用类型与主成因分析法确定了阿克苏地区地下水优先控制...     

Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 in Luoyang after the clean air actions

Luoyang is a typical heavy industrial city in China, with a coal-dominated energy structure and serious air pollution. Following the implementation of the clean air actions, the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 have changed. A comprehensive study of PM_2.5 was conducted from October 16, 2019 to January 23, 2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of previous control measures and further to provide theory basis for more effective policies in the future. Results showed that the aerosol pollution in Luoyang in autumn and winter is still serious with the average concentration of 91.1 μg/m³, although a large reduction (46.9%) since 2014. With the contribution of nitrate increased from 12.5% to 25.1% and sulfate decreased from 16.7% to 11.2%, aerosol pollution has changed from sulfate-dominate to nitrate-dominate. High NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio and the increasing of NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio with the aggravation of pollution indicating vehicle exhaust playing an increasingly important role in PM_2.5 pollution in Luoyang, especially in the haze processes. Secondary inorganic ions contributed significantly to the enhancement of PM_2.5 during the pollution period. The high value of Cl⁻/Na⁺ and EC concentration indicate coal combustion in Luoyang is still serious. The top three contributor sources were secondary inorganic aerosols (33.3%), coal combustion (13.6%), and industrial emissions (13.4%). Close-range transport from the western and northeastern directions were more important factors in air pollution in Luoyang during the sampling period. It is necessary to strengthen the control of coal combustion and reduce vehicle emissions in future policies.     

不同基质组合对氮磷吸附能力的研究

就地利用菜地改建小型湿地系统可能是实现农村生活污水消纳和资源化利用的一种有效途径,其中菜园土与吸附基质的组合直接关系水体污染物中氮磷的净化效果. 选取沸石、谷壳、活性炭、陶粒和菜园土作为试验基质,使用BET比表面积孔径分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪(EDX)对其进行表征,通过等温吸附试验分别筛选出对氮磷吸附效果较好的沸石和陶粒,设置菜园土∶陶粒∶沸石质量占比基质组合:F1(10∶0∶0)、F2(6∶2∶2)、F3(8∶1∶1)、F4(8∶2∶0)、F5(8∶0∶2)、F6(6∶1∶3)和F7(6∶3∶1). 在低、中、高3种氮磷浓度下,通过吸附动力学试验筛选出去除效果最好的基质组合. 结果表明:①5种单一基质中,活性炭、陶粒的比表面积(35.72、33.23 m2/g)和微孔体积(2.20×10?1、8.25×10?2 cm2/g)均较大;沸石和陶粒表面呈粗糙多孔结构. ②Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型均能较好地拟合5种单一基质对氮磷的吸附,各基质对氮的饱和吸附量表现为沸石(2.00 mg/g)>陶粒(1.47 mg/g)>菜园土(1.17 mg/g)>活性炭(0.99 mg/g)>谷壳(0.21 mg/g),对磷的饱和吸附量表现为陶粒(1.28 mg/g)>活性炭(1.25 mg/g)>沸石(1.16 mg/g)>谷壳(0.80 mg/g)>菜园土(0.50 mg/g). ③7种基质组合对氮磷吸附具有相似的动力学特征,Elovich模型、双常数速率模型和一级反应动力学模型均能较好地模拟基质组合对不同污染负荷条件下氮磷的吸附规律. ④7种基质组合对氮磷的吸附速率均呈现先快后慢的趋势,最终于12~48 h趋于稳定. 研究显示,F2、F4和F7基质组合对氮磷的去除效果均较好,但考虑菜地改造的简易性和可操作性,F4为最佳基质组合,其在3种不同氮磷浓度下对氮、磷的吸附量分别为0.36~0.68和0.10~0.39 mg/g.      

泸定6.8级地震交通网络应急服务能力分析∗

2022 年 9 月 5 日 12 时 57 分,四川省泸定县发生 6.8 级地震。受自然地理环境等因素的影响,本次地震对灾区公路交通网络造成了比较严重的破坏,给震后应急救援工作带来了较大阻碍,极大地考验了灾区交通网络的应急服务能力。本文介绍了灾区交通网络的概况及其地震破坏情况,建立了路网应急服务能力评价方法,并将单位时间到达重点救援目标的最大交通量作为其评价指标。以本次地震灾区的交通网络为例,结合交通网络应急抢通过程的考察数据,对交通网络应急服务能力的下降及其恢复过程进行了分析,对灾区交通网络地震韧性进行了定性讨论,以期为交通网络的地震韧性评价提供参考。     

中德环保合作的高层往来

写在前面的话．本文完成于今年早些时候，但由于刊物在5月时更换出版单位，因而文章在实效性上略有欠缺，但访谈的内容是永久而实际的问题，在当今和未来都是可资借鉴的。     

用代处置手段加强危险废物的管理

代处置是危险废物管理的强制手段，是行政代执行的具体表现形式之一。行政代执行作为一项间接强制措施，在国外立法中已被广泛采用。本文从危险废物代处置的概念、条件、要求、程序等方面进行了分析，为环保部门运用代处置措施进行危险废物管理提供参考。     

听证、环保与公众参与--访美国加州能源委员会公共顾问玛格丽特·金(Margret.J.Kim)女士

前不久。美国加利福尼亚州能源委员会公共顾问玛格丽特．金女士来华参加有关环保与公众参与会议。会议期间。我刊记者对她进行了专访。就听证、公众参与及环境保护等一系列话题进行了深入探讨。金女士在委员会主要负责环境的决策。她曾负责起草环境影响评价的有关规章制度。[编者按]     

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model for TMDL development of Lake Fuxian, China

Lake Fuxian is the largest deep freshwater lake in China. Although its average water quality meets Class I of the China National Water Quality Standard (CNWQS), i.e., GB3838-2002, monitoring data indicate that the water quality approaches the Class II threshold in some areas. Thus it is urgent to reduce the watershed load through the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for Lake Fuxian, simulating flow circulation and pollutant fate and transport. The model development process consists of several steps, including grid generation, initial and boundary condition configurations, and model calibration processes. The model accurately reproduced the observed water surface elevation, spatiotemporal variations in temperature, and total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, suggesting a reasonable numerical representation of the prototype system for further TMDL analyses. The TMDL was calculated using two interpretations of the water quality standards for Class I of the CNWQS based on the maximum instantaneous surface and annual average surface water concentrations. Analysis of the first scenario indicated that the TN, TP and COD loads should be reduced by 66%, 68% and 57%, respectively. Water quality was the highest priority; however, local economic development and cost feasibility for load reduction can pose significant issues. In the second interpretation, the model results showed that, under the existing conditions, the average water quality meets the Class I standard and therefore load reduction is unnecessary. Future studies are needed to conduct risk and cost assessments for realistic decision-making.     

AMBBR工艺处理城市污水

通过对厌氧移动床生物膜反应器处理南方热带亚热带地区城市生活污水的试验研究,采用好氧-厌氧两个阶段进行挂膜试验以缩短挂膜时间,探讨了水力停留时间(HRT)、pH值、填料填充率对反应器处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:在HRT为12 h,进水ρ(COD)为300 mg/L,ρ(氨氮)为15 mg/L,50%的填料填充率,pH=7的工艺条件下,装置对COD去除率为51.2%,对氨氮去除率为40.8%,对TN去除率为38.1%。