Aerosol light absorption in a coastal city in Southeast China: Temporal variations and implications for brown carbon

Light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon(BC) and brown carbon(BrC)play significant roles in atmospheric radiative properties. One-year measurements of aerosol light absorption at multi-wavelength were continuously conducted in Xiamen,southeast of China in 2014 to determine the light absorption properties including absorption coefficients(σabs) and absorption ?ngstr?m exponent(AAE) in the coastal city.Light absorptions of BC and BrC with their contributions to total light absorption were further quantified. Mean σabsat 370 nm and 880 nm were 56.6 ± 34.3 and 16.5 ± 11.2 Mm-1,respectively. σabspresented a double-peaks diurnal pattern with the maximum in the morning and the minimum in the afternoon. σabswas low in warm seasons and high in cold seasons. AAE ranged from 0.26 to 2.58 with the annual mean of 1.46, implying that both fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning influenced aerosol optical properties. σabsof BrC at 370 nm was 24.0 ± 5.7 Mm-1, contributing 42% to the total absorption. The highest AAE(1.52 ± 0.02) and largest BrC contributions(47% ± 4%) in winter suggested the significant influence of biomass burning on aerosol light absorption. Long-distance air masses passing through North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta led to high AAE and BrC contributions. High AAE value of 1.46 in July indicated that long-range transport of the air pollutants from intense biomass burning in Southeast Asia would affect aerosol light absorption in Southeast China. The study will improve the understanding of light absorption properties of aerosols and the optical impacts of BrC in China.     

基于“生态水位-水质-水源地”协同作用的地下水环境风险评价方法研究

地下水生态水位、地下水水质和地下水水源地是地下水环境的关键敏感属性,而现有关于地下水环境保护的研究多侧重于污染风险评价,常忽视地下水生态水位作为环境要素综合风险的重要性.为突破以往地下水风险评价中以污染要素为主的现状,在区域尺度针对地下水污染及地下水水位变化导致地下水系统生态服务功能失衡等问题,提出以地下水生态水位、地下水水质和地下水水源地作为风险受体,综合研究地下水系统对地下水风险源的暴露途径及响应关系,采用地下水防污性能指数指征地下水环境的空间差异性,构建了基于“生态水位-水质-水源地”协同作用的GERRM模型（地下水环境相对风险模型,groundwater environmental relative risk model）,定量描述地下水污染和地下水水位突变耦合的地下水环境风险,并将建立的方法在下辽河平原进行案例研究.结果表明:①Ⅳ、Ⅴ级风险区主要位于化工企业、危险废物填埋场周围一定范围区域及沈阳市地下水水源地保护区和生态水位敏感性较高区,面积为2 107.33 km2,占总面积的8.93%.②Ⅰ、Ⅱ级风险区主要为农田种植区、林地种植区和农业城镇建设区,面积为17 704.51 km2,占总面积的75.01%.研究显示,GERRM模型适用于区域地下水环境风险评价,下辽河平原区化工企业、危废填埋场周围一定范围区域以及沈阳地下水水源地保护区相对风险最高,需采取相应的管理保护措施.      

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

厦门市隧道中挥发性有机物污染研究

选择厦门市典型的7个隧道,采用三段预浓缩和气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对隧道口和隧道内空气中的VOCs进行了分析研究。结果表明：隧道内VOCs污染一般比隧道口严重,而当隧道口受到周围VOCs污染的影响时,将导致隧道口VOCs污染比隧道内严重;甲苯、乙醇、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯为本研究主要的活性组分,甲苯对隧道空气的光化学活性贡献最大;BTEX分析显示,除汽车尾气外,其它源也会对隧道内苯系物的污染有较大的影响;对隧道内和隧道口VOCs相关性分析发现,1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛、二氯甲烷、正己烷、1,1-二氯乙烷、4-乙基甲苯、氟利昂-12、一氯甲烷的相关性较好,表明在隧道内和隧道口这些物质具有相同的来源。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of the effect of imbricated gravel structures on flow and solute transport in a highly heterogeneous alluvial-proluvial fan aquifer,SW China

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - An alluvial-proluvial fan (APF) has heterogeneous characteristics, which result in the development of imbricated gravel channel networks formed by flow erosion. In...     

Industrial-scale demonstration of a new sorbent reactivation technology for fluidized bed combustors

To minimize the disposal of highly reactive spent sorbent from a fluidized bed combustor, a new method for reactivation has been developed. The method consists of grinding the spent ash in a rotary mill, hydrating the ash with an excess of water, and mixing the wet ground ash with dry solids to absorb the excess water. The mixing process eliminates the formation of a concrete-like product that normally results as wet fluidized bed combustor ash ages. Pilot-scale combustion trials proved to be successful, and the process was scaled up using a 35MWt utility boiler at Purdue University. The test lasted for 3 days and resulted in net reduction of limestone sorbent use of 18%. The results generated in this work have been used to develop an economic evaluation for a 165MWe circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, which projects significant savings due to reduction of limestone supply and ash disposal costs. The evaluation also suggests that the process is cost competitive with other processes, albeit that those processes have not been demonstrated at industrial scale. Furthermore, it also has the potential to make a small net reduction in CO(2) emissions, due to reduced limestone usage.     

环胶州湾区域土地利用景观格局变化分析及主要问题

以2003年、2009年2期Landsat-TM卫星影像为数据源,建立土地利用数据库以及2003年-2009年土地利用变化转换矩阵,对环胶州湾区域的土地利用景观格局及其动态变化进行了分析。结果表明：2003年-2009年环胶州湾区域的土地利用主导变化过程表现为耕地、养殖区和盐田大幅减少以及城市扩展、城乡基础设施建设和农村居民点扩建。6年来土地利用变化速度很快,年均变化速度达到1.29%。社会经济因素是环湾地区土地利用方式发生改变的直接动因,环湾区域的出口加工区、西海岸出口加工区、高新区胶州湾北部主园区和黄岛区石化基地等区域的发展和兴建,以及一大批重大项目的引进造成该区域土地利用方式发生显著转变。     

基于ArcGIS Engine的溢油环境预警软件(OSEA)开发

溢油环境预警软件(OSEA)是采用基于ArcGIS Engine的软件开发技术,开发的能够应用于溢油事故预警领域的业务化应用软件,该软件的开发是国家科技支撑计划课题"水上溢油预测预警技术开发"的研究任务之一。在介绍溢油环境预警软件开发背景、溢油环境预警基本理论及采用基于ArcGIS Engine二次开发技术进行软件开发的优势的基础上,重点阐述了溢油环境预警软件(OSEA)的功能组成及其主要功能的实现。     

Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2:5 in Xiamen, China

Xiamen,located on the southeastern coastal line of China,is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization,so its air quality has a trend of degradation.However,studies on level,temporal and spatial changes of fine particles (PM2.5) and their carbonaceous fractions are scarce.In this article,abundance,sources,seasonal and spatial variations,distribution of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5,were studied at suburban,urban and industrial sites in Xiamen during four season-representative months in 2009-2010.PM2.5 samples were collected with middle volume sampler and were analyzed for OC and EC with thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method.Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 63.88-74.80 μg/m3 at three sites.While OC and EC concentrations were in the range of 15.81-19.73 μg/m3 and 2.74-3.49 μg/m3,respectively,and clearly presented the summer minima and winter maxima in this study.The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 42.8％-47.3％ of the mass of PM2.5.The annual average of secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in Xiamen were 9.23-11.36 μg/m3,accounting for approximately 56％ of OC.Strong correlations between OC and EC was found in spring (R2 = 0.50) and autumn (R2 = 0.73),suggesting that there were similar emission and transport processes for carbonaceous aerosols in these two seasons,while weak correlations were found in summer (R2 = 0.33) and winter (R2 = 0.41).The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 varied from 2.1 to 8.7 with an annual average of 5.7,indicating that vehicle exhaust,coal smoke and biomass burning were main source apportionments of carbonaceous fractions in Xiamen.     

厦门不同功能区VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解厦门市不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征和健康风险,于2014年3—8月在厦门市开展大气样品的采集,利用预浓缩系统和气相色谱质谱联用技术进行VOCs含量的定量分析,并采用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对VOCs进行人群健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,各功能区VOCs的平均质量浓度差异较明显,表现为工业区(120.88μg·m-3)交通区(104.41μg·m-3)开发区(84.06μg·m-3)港口区(80.78μg·m-3)居民区(58.75μg·m-3)背景区(41.46μg·m-3).背景区、居民区、交通区、开发区和港口区各类VOCs浓度均表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃,工业区则表现为芳香烃烷烃烯烃.除背景区外各功能区VOCs浓度在6月最低,而除工业区外各功能区浓度在8月最高.温度和风等气象因素是导致VOCs浓度变化的重要原因.苯、甲苯、乙苯、间,对二甲苯和邻二甲苯(BTEX)在各功能区总芳香烃中所占的比例为65.20%~78.73%.各功能区BTEX的非致癌风险均表现为甲苯乙苯邻二甲苯间,对二甲苯苯,在9.73×10-4~1.33×10-1之间,均在安全范围内,而苯的致癌风险在1.23×10-5~3.08×10-5之间,超出安全范围,存在较大的致癌风险.