环保项目经费管理系统浅析

国家环境保护部信息中心是国家环境保护部的网络中心,数据中心、应用中心,每年都承担着大量的财政项目,随着项目的增多,项目经费的额度也越来越大,为了提高整体的工作效率,信息中心建设了项目经费管理系统,进一步规范和加强了环保项目专项经费的管理,提高了资金的使用效益,保证了项目工程全面推进阶段工作的顺利实施。本文介绍了该系统的构成及系统特点等。经费管理信息系统对于提高信息中心的管理水平,加强科研管理具有十分重要的现实意义。     

分光光度法测定工业废水中的钴含量研究

通过试验确定了一种测定工业废水中钴含量的方法。考察入射波长、显色剂用量、干扰离子等因素对吸光度的影响;确定本法最佳测定波长为570 nm,显色剂最佳用量为1 mL;在废水中加入钴标准溶液进行测定,结果表明加标回收率在98.6%~105.60%之间,平均加标回收率为102.4%。该法灵敏度高、结果准确、检出限低、具有良好的精密度和准确度,是测定工业废水中钴含量的有效方法。     

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定水中氰化物的质量控制

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定水中氰化物时受到多种因素的影响,为解决这一问题,分别从监测准备、样品采集和保存、样品预处理、样品分析等方面提出了相应的质量控制措施,以保证氰化物测定结果的准确性。     

三峡库区次级河流中有机锡污染物浓度及形态分布规律

以三峡库区次级河流大宁河和小江回水区为研究区域,于2013年5月采集地表水样,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)方法测定水样中丁基锡和苯基锡浓度,分析该时期库区支流水环境中有机锡污染情况.研究结果表明:该时期大宁河和小江表层水体同时检测到内分泌干扰物三丁基锡(TBT)、三苯基锡(TPh T)及它们的降解产物一丁基锡(MBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)和一苯基锡(MPh T)、二苯基锡(DPh T).大宁河和小江苯基锡污染均以MPh T为主,但大宁河丁基锡污染以MBT为主,小江丁基锡污染以MBT和DBT为主.除大昌监测点有新近的TBT输入外,大宁河和小江水体中的TBT和TPh T输入均有一段时间,且发生了明显的降解.     

鱼腥藻在满江红-鱼腥藻共生体系去除水中铀时的作用

通过分离有藻满江红中的鱼腥藻,获得无藻满江红和鱼腥藻.采用水培试验的方法分别研究了无藻满江红、有藻满江红和鱼腥藻对水中铀的去除行为,并采用红外光谱技术分析了它们富集铀前后化学基团的变化.结果表明,对于初始浓度分别为2.5和5.0 mg·L-1的铀溶液,在有藻满江红的作用下,分别经过27和36 d生物富集后浓度能降低至GB 23727-2009规定的0.05 mg·L-1排放标准以下,而在无藻满江红和鱼腥藻的作用下,铀浓度无法达到排放标准.相对于无藻满江红,鱼腥藻提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的富集量、富集系数及对铀的抗胁迫能力,从而提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的去除效率.红外分析表明,在富集铀后,与无藻满江红相比,有藻满江红体内出现了芳环和醇类或苷类化合物,而这些新的物质是鱼腥藻在富集铀的过程中产生的,其可能促进了有藻满江红对铀的富集.     

Using environmental DNA to assess population‐wide spatiotemporal reserve use

Scientists increasingly rely on protected areas to assist in biodiversity conservation, yet the efficacy of these areas is rarely systematically assessed, often because of underfunding. Still, adaptive management strategies to maximize conservation success often rely on understanding the temporal and spatial dynamism of populations therein. Examination of environmental DNA (eDNA) is a time and cost‐effective way to monitor species’ distribution, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) provides information on organismal abundance. To date, however, such techniques remain underused for population assessments in protected areas. We determined eDNA concentration of the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) to describe its occurrence, range, and use of the Tian e‐Zhou National Nature Reserve in Hubei, China, across seasons and hydrological depths. Despite the observation that total eDNA concentrations were highest in surface waters in summer, finless porpoise eDNA concentrations were significantly higher in deeper waters than in surface waters in summer. During the breeding season (spring), eDNA signals were site specific and restricted to the core area of the reserve. However, postbreeding eDNA concentrations were widespread across the reserve, encompassing sites previously thought to be unfrequented by the species. Our results suggest spatiotemporal idiosyncrasies in site, depth, and seasonal use of the reserve and a propensity for postbreeding population dispersal. With eDNA and qPCR we were able to assess an entire population's use of a protected area. Illuminating nuances in habitat use via eDNA could be valuable to set pragmatic conservation goals for this, and other, species.     

污染源在线监测系统的设计与开发

通过设计开发一套实现对污染源实时监控、监测数据远程传输和基于地理信息系统数据分析与管理的在线监测系统,给我国污染源在线监测的研究与建设提供一定参考。     

Source water odor in one reservoir in hot and humid areas of southern China: occurrence,diagnosis and possible mitigation measures

Background

Identifying typical odor-causing compounds is essential for odor problem control in drinking water. In this study, aiming at a major water source reservoir in hot and humid areas in southern China, which encountered seasonable odor problems in recent years, an integrated approach including comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC?×?GC–TOFMS), flavor profile analysis (FPA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was adopted to investigate the odor occurrence.

Results

The results indicated that earthy–musty odor is blamed to the seasonable odor problems, and it is consistent with the complaints results from consumers. Fifty-four typical odor compounds were investigated in the reservoir and twelve were detected, of which, 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) was significantly increased during the odor event. Pseudanabaena sp. is the dominant species in the reservoir, which can be further represented by the number of mic gene with qPCR method (R²?=?0.746, P?<?0.001). Oxygen consumption (COD_Mn) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have great influence on growth of Pseudanabaena sp., and the release of 2-MIB from the Pseudanabaena sp. cells is affected by temperature and light.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that 2-MIB is the odor-caused substance in the reservoir and Pseudanabaena sp. is the main 2-MIB producer, which was confirmed as a benthic filamentous algae. Due to COD_Mn and DOC have great influence on Pseudanabaena sp. growth, further measures to reduce the CODMn and DOC input should be performed. We also demonstrated that the 2-MIB release is affected by temperature and light. The risk of sudden increase of 2-MIB will be reduced by raising the depth of water in the reservoir. Our study will improve the understanding of T&O problems in this city, as well as in other hot and humid area.

     

水处理工艺中摇蚊幼虫污染防治技术的研究进展

介绍了摇蚊幼虫的生活习性及其在水处理工艺中的分布规律。对其生理特性与环境因子之间的关系进行了论述；并就近年来采用物理法、化学法和生物法防治水处理工艺中摇蚊幼虫污染的研究进展、现状和局限性进行了较为系统的分析，展望了摇蚊幼虫污染防治技术的研究前景，指出目前控制饮用水中摇蚊幼虫污染必须将水源水质控制、污染治理与净水工艺处理结合起来，优化水处理工艺和强化水源水体保护是根本保障。     

絮凝体分形维数投药控制研究

依据分形理论,通过先进的图像分析处理技术,实现了对絮凝体分形维数的联机在线监测,试验证实分形维数可以很好地反映絮凝程度及其混凝处理效果,通过建立的混凝剂投加量、分形维数及沉后水浊度三者间的模糊控制模型,最终实现了对混凝剂投加量的自动控制与调节.