安徽省水质自动监测站点位优化方法研究

文章分析了安徽省现有水质自动监测站布设情况和国内外相关研究情况,指出了现有水质自动监测站建设的不足之处,明确了水环境质量预警和水质断面目标考核两个优化布设目标。就水质自动监测站点位优化的筛选方法进行研究与讨论,提出“理论筛选一现场调研一综合打分”三步走策略,在此基础上提出了水质自动监测站布点三级指标体系。并采用德尔斐法确定权重,建立了合理性综合指数评价体系细则,为环境管理提供了参考。     

几种水环境质量评价方法在青海湖入湖河流中的应用

从众多的水环境质量评价方法中,选取代表性的指数评价法、灰色评价法、层次分析法和模糊数学法进行介绍,然后运用这些方法对青海湖入湖河流2010年监测数据进行评价。经过对比分析评价结果发现,本次评价研究中单因子评价法过于悲观,水质综合污染指数法具有不可比性,模糊数学法具有不准确性。四种水环境质量评价方法中,灰色评价法和层次分析法是最适合该流域的评价方法,指数评价法和模糊数学法可以作为其必要的补充。     

三峡库区澎溪河流域消落带土壤有机磷生物有效性研究

选取了澎溪河流域六个点位消落带土壤和岸边土壤,以NaOH-EDTA提取土壤中有机磷,并采用酶水解技术表征有机磷生物有效性。结果表明：①消落带土壤NaOH-EDTA提取液中总磷含量为74.55～140.54 mg/kg,无机磷含量为49.91～104.23 mg/kg,有机磷含量为14.61～36.31 mg/kg。消落带土壤有机磷含量低于岸边土壤。②消落带土壤有机磷中总可酶解有机磷（EHP）含量均值为6.23 mg/kg,占土壤有机磷含量的26.7%。消落带土壤EHP含量与有机磷含量呈极显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）。③消落带土壤EHP含量、活性单酯磷含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）,土壤有机质含量是影响有机磷生物有效性的重要因素。④消落带土壤与岸边土壤EHP组分特征相同,含量由高到低依次为类植酸磷、活性单酯磷、二酯磷,但消落带土壤EHP含量显著低于岸边土壤。周期性的干湿交替会造成消落带土壤有机磷向库区水体释放,消落带土壤有机磷地球化学循环对库区水体的潜在影响不容忽视。     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960＇s to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

安庆石化炼油污水处理现状与对策

对安庆石化炼油污水处理系统存在的问题进行分析,提出了污水处理工艺流程的优化方案,确保炼油污水稳定达标排放,为污水回用创造条件.     

底泥性质和分布密度对颤蚓迁移运动的影响

通过实验室模拟颤蚓的迁移,研究了颤蚓分布密度、底泥性质对颤蚓迁移运动的影响.结果表明,分布密度增大引起食物短缺,颤蚓迁移率首先增大,之后由于迁移运动的能量消耗导致迁移率减小,当分布密度大于8×104条.m-2后,颤蚓对食物极度竞争使其开始大规模迁移,最大迁移率为36.75%.底泥有机质在丰富颤蚓食物源,增大其迁移率的同时,也降低了溶解氧浓度,导致迁移率减小,有机质含量由3.93%增加至5.90%时以迁移率增大为主,大于5.90%时则以迁移率减小为主.TN、TP可改变底泥中微生物群落结构,引起颤蚓食物组分变化,从而影响颤蚓迁移,TN和TP含量分别在3.36～5.65mg.g-1和0.95～1.87mg.g-1范围时,TN含量的增加减小了颤蚓迁移率,TP含量的增加则增大颤蚓迁移率;继续增大含量,颤蚓对TN具有一定耐受性,迁移率稳定在20%左右,对TP则表现出排斥性,含量超过1.87mg.g-1后,迁移率从42%降为0.5%.颗粒粒径对颤蚓迁移的影响主要是由颗粒中有机质含量而非粒径本身决定,粒径小于0.15mm和大于0.55mm的颗粒适宜颤蚓生存,前者有机质含量高,后者则颗粒间空隙大,颤蚓可快速通过并获取更多的食物.     

活化处理活性炭纤维的表面特性及其汞吸附性能

选用了3种比表面积不同的粘胶基活性炭纤维(ACF-1、ACF-2和ACF-3),并对样品ACF-1进行了浓硝酸和氨水活化处理,获得样品ACF-N和ACF-NH3,最后对这5种ACF样品进行表面特性表征和单质汞的吸附实验.氮分子吸附(77.4K)实验结果表明,ACF-N和ACF-NH3的微孔容积与ACF-1相比有所减小,各样品的微孔(d2nm)分布有一定差异.ACF含有许多不规则的表面微结构,其X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,ACF-N的含氧官能团(CO、COOH)和ACF-NH3的含氮官能团含量与ACF-1相比均有明显增加.X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明,ACF-2和ACF-3的石墨化程度和晶体化程度较ACF-1有所提高.汞吸附实验表明,由于受到ACF表面微结构的影响,微孔容积与吸附能力之间并非简单的依附关系,增加含氧、含氮基团含量在一定程度上能提高ACF的汞吸附容量.     

An innovative membrane bioreactor and packed-bed biofilm reactor combined system for shortcut nitrification-denitrification

An innovative shortcut biological nitrogen removal system, consisting of an aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) and an anaerobic packed-bed biofilm reactor (PBBR), was evaluated for treating high strength ammonium-bearing wastewater. The system was seeded with enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and operated without sludge purge with a decreased hydraulic retention time (HRT) through three phases. The MBR was successful in both maintaining nitrite ratio over 0.95 and nitrification efficiency higher than 98% at a HRT of 24 h. The PBBR showed satisfactory denitrification efficiency with very low effluent nitrite and nitrate concentration (both below 3 mg/L). By examining the nitrification activity of microorganism, it was found that the specific ammonium oxidization rate (SAOR) increased from 0.17 to 0.51 g N/(g VSS·d) and then decreased to 0.22 g N/(g VSS·d) at the last phase, which resulted from the accumulation of extracellular polymers substances (EPS) and inert matters enwrapped around the zoogloea. In contrast, the average specific nitrite oxidization rate (SNOR) is 0.002 g N/(g VSS·d), only 1% of SAOR. Because very little Nitrobactor has been detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), it is confirmed that the stability of high nitrite accumulation in MBR is caused by a large amount of AOB.     

遥感和GIS支持下浙江省自然资源资产负债表编制研究

自然资源资产负债表的编制是生态文明建设制度创新的一项重大举措。本文依据"先实物后价值、先存量后流量、先有形后无形"的原则构建自然资源资产负债表框架结构，在遥感和GIS技术支持下探索自然资源资产负债表编制核算路径，确定土地资源、矿产资源、水资源、林木资源、土壤资源、大气资源等六类有形资产核算指标，以及生物多样性维持功能、碳固定功能、水源涵养功能、土壤保持功能等四类无形资产核算指标，并以浙江省为例，完成了浙江省自然资源资产负债表的编制与其核算过程。研究结果表明：①浙江省2014年自然资源资产存量价值约为126 800亿元，相当于当年浙江省GDP的3倍，是浙江省可持续发展的重要基础；② 2000-2014年浙江省自然资源资产存量价值总体呈上升趋势，固定资产存量价值增加900亿元，无形资产存量价值增加200亿元；③ 2000-2014年浙江省自然资源资产负债累计2100亿元，大气资源负债占比最高，达39.07%，其次是水资源负债，达27.07%。本文提出的自然资源资产负债表编制与核算经验，可为全国自然资源资产负债表编制提供有益探索。     

氯化镉和敌敌畏突发胁迫下斑马鱼的行为差异

采用计算机摄像跟踪技术,以正常水体中斑马鱼的行为变化为基础,比较突发性氯化镉和敌敌畏污染胁迫下斑马鱼的个体行为(游动速度、深度、转弯次数和加速度)和鱼群行为(平均距离和分散度)的变化规律.研究结果表明:斑马鱼在两种污染物突发性胁迫下,行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为响应与污染物种类和暴露时间直接相关;两种不同类型的污染胁迫...