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611.
Pilar Swart Jo Dewulf Herman Van Langenhove Koen Moonens Kristof Dessein Carl Quaeyhaegens 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(12):1119-1128
The overall resource requirements for the production of germanium wafers for III–V multi-junction solar cells applied in concentrator photovoltaics have been assessed based on up to date process information. By employing the cumulative energy demand (CED) method and the cumulative exergy extraction from the natural environment (CEENE) method the following resources have been included in the assessment: fossil resources, nuclear resources, renewable resources, land resources, atmospheric resources, metal resources, mineral resources and water resources. The CED has been determined as 216 MJ and the CEENE has been determined as 258 MJex. In addition partial energy and exergy payback times have been calculated for the base case, which entails the installation of the high concentration photovoltaics (HCPVs) in the Southwestern USA, resulting in payback times of around 4 days for the germanium wafer production. Due to applying concentration technology the germanium wafer accounts for only 3% of the overall resource consumption of an HCPV system. A scenario analysis on the electricity input to the wafer production and on the country of installation of the HCPV has been performed, showing the importance of these factors on the cumulative resource consumption of the wafer production and the partial payback times. 相似文献
612.
Understanding stewardship behaviour: factors facilitating and constraining private water well stewardship 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kreutzwiser R de Loë R Imgrund K Conboy MJ Simpson H Plummer R 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(4):1104-1114
Regulatory frameworks to ensure municipal drinking water safety exist in most North American jurisdictions. However, similar protection is rarely provided to people reliant on water provided from private wells. In Canada, approximately 4 million people depend on privately owned, domestic wells for their drinking water. Numerous studies have shown that people who rely on private wells for their water supplies are at risk from nitrate and bacterial contamination. Given the fact that regulations relating to private wells tend to be weak or poorly enforced, actions taken by well owners to protect their own drinking water safety are extremely important. Drawing on one of the largest and most comprehensive surveys of private well owners ever conducted in Canada or elsewhere, this paper explores factors that influence well owner stewardship behaviour. Key behaviours examined included annual testing of well water and inspection of wells, measures to protect water quality, and proper decommissioning of unused wells. A geographically-stratified survey, sent to 4950 well owners in Ontario, Canada, resulted in an effective response rate of 34% (n = 1567). Logistic regression analyses revealed that motivations for well stewardship behaviours included reassurance, the perception of problems, and knowledge of the environment. Knowing how to perform stewardship behaviours was an important antecedent to action. Barriers to stewardship included complacency, inconvenience, ignorance, cost, and privacy concerns. To promote stewardship, local initiatives, better educational materials, and enforcement through real estate laws are all required. Ultimately, drinking water safety for people reliant on private wells is shown to be a responsibility shared by governments and private well owners. 相似文献
613.
Experimental results on tracer gas diffusion within the near wake of a simplified model car (Ahmed model with a rear slant
angle of 25°) are presented. Pollutant emission is simulated using heated air injected through a small pipe at one side of
the model base. Fine cold wire thermometry is used to measure instantaneous temperature excess and variance of temperature
gradient in the near wake. Measurements of the three mean velocity components were made using a laser Doppler anemometers
system. Characteristics of the mean and fluctuating temperature fields, time-averaged flow streamlines and scalar dissipation
measurements are presented and discussed. The local mixing time scale is determined from the measured mean dissipation rate
of temperature variance. Its value shows that micromixing is not a limiting phenomenon for chemical reactions in the near
wake. 相似文献
614.
O Nam-Chol Jo Chun-Hung Kang Kon-Ho Kim Ryon-Hui Kim Song-Il 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(11):13365-13374
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Municipal solid waste (MSW) is regarded to be an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, which could result in a significant impact on climate... 相似文献
615.
Bosio Morgana de Souza-Chaves Bianca Miguel Saggioro Enrico Mendes Bassin João Paulo Dezotti Márcia W. C. Quinta-Ferreira Maria Emília Quinta-Ferreira Rosa M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23958-23974
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are released daily into surface water, and their recalcitrant properties often require tertiary treatment.... 相似文献
616.
Santos João Paulo Tenório da Silva Tonholo Josealdo de Andrade Adalgisa Rodrigues Del Colle Vinicius Zanta Carmem Lucia de Paiva e Silva 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23595-23609
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) electro-oxidation by commercial DSA® and commercial DSA® modified by platinum electrodeposition was... 相似文献
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619.
The reproduction of Crepidula fornicata was studied in the Bay of Brest in order to characterise the first step of the reproductive cycle of this invasive species. The survey was carried out from 2000 to 2003 and different parameters were measured, namely, the percentage of the different sexual stages, the straight length of the shell and the percentage of brooding females using a survey of the embryonic development and the fecundity. The juvenile frequency increases generally from mid-June or mid-August, depending on the year. In 2001 and 2003, a first peak was observed as early as May, but it was followed by a rapid disappearance of the individuals. The sex-ratio female/male increased from 0.22 to 0.46 between 2001 and 2003. The sex change between intermediates and females took place mainly in summer and was well marked in 2001 and 2003. The survey of the embryonic development in the egg capsules brooded by the females provided an annual phenology of the laying and hatching processes. The laying period extends from February to September with three to four major periods of egg-laying per year and corresponding hatching periods about 1 month later. Each female lays two to four times per year on average. The first egg-laying concerned fewer females than subsequent ones, except in 2003, and exhibited a higher fecundity. The annual mean of the number of eggs for each stage was not significantly different, thus indicating no significant mortality rate during embryonic development. For the C. fornicata population in the Bay of Brest, several reproductive characteristics tend to highlight its invasive capacity: (1) a long reproductive period, (2) reproduction in a ‘multi-trials’ process equivalent to a spreading out of the risks and (3) a relatively high fecundity. 相似文献
620.
Environment plays a major role for determining the kind of courtship behaviours or alternative mating tactics employed, but
the effect of physical variables on fitness has received little attention. The Alpine newt courts during both day and night
times and exhibits a complex suite of behaviours involving olfactory, visual and tactile cues. Displaying in both dark and
light conditions may increase the number of mating opportunities and alleviate predation risk, but the frequency and efficacy
of the various tactics deployed may vary across light conditions, leading males to vary their use of these tactics across
different light regimes. To test this hypothesis, we video-recorded sexual encounters at two light intensities in a controlled
experimental design. When courting in the dark, males used comparatively more olfactory rather than visual displays. They
also relied more on positive feedback from the female before releasing a spermatophore for her to pick up. The particular
mix of tactics used under each light condition is likely to be adaptive because in the dark (1) visual communication is hampered,
making olfactory displays possibly more effective and (2) males depositing spermatophores are more likely to lose fertilizations
to competitors. Mating in light and dark conditions has similar reproductive payoffs, which shows that displaying in the dark
is not detrimental and may even be advantageous if predation risk is reduced at night. These results confirm the importance
of taking into account physical variables to understand the evolution of sexual communication in animals. 相似文献