全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4830篇 |
免费 | 99篇 |
国内免费 | 76篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 229篇 |
废物处理 | 235篇 |
环保管理 | 1290篇 |
综合类 | 416篇 |
基础理论 | 1104篇 |
环境理论 | 5篇 |
污染及防治 | 1168篇 |
评价与监测 | 333篇 |
社会与环境 | 176篇 |
灾害及防治 | 49篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 23篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 48篇 |
2020年 | 32篇 |
2019年 | 63篇 |
2018年 | 73篇 |
2017年 | 90篇 |
2016年 | 116篇 |
2015年 | 112篇 |
2014年 | 109篇 |
2013年 | 551篇 |
2012年 | 176篇 |
2011年 | 247篇 |
2010年 | 201篇 |
2009年 | 195篇 |
2008年 | 264篇 |
2007年 | 260篇 |
2006年 | 237篇 |
2005年 | 167篇 |
2004年 | 185篇 |
2003年 | 194篇 |
2002年 | 166篇 |
2001年 | 81篇 |
2000年 | 109篇 |
1999年 | 97篇 |
1998年 | 75篇 |
1997年 | 66篇 |
1996年 | 75篇 |
1995年 | 74篇 |
1994年 | 62篇 |
1993年 | 66篇 |
1992年 | 73篇 |
1991年 | 46篇 |
1990年 | 51篇 |
1989年 | 44篇 |
1988年 | 34篇 |
1987年 | 39篇 |
1986年 | 44篇 |
1985年 | 42篇 |
1984年 | 45篇 |
1983年 | 52篇 |
1982年 | 40篇 |
1981年 | 57篇 |
1980年 | 45篇 |
1979年 | 22篇 |
1978年 | 27篇 |
1977年 | 18篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1971年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有5005条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
621.
Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, increase their swimming speed during low O2 (hypoxia) and it has been hypothesised that the behavioural response is modulated by the degree of “respiratory distress” (i.e. a rise in anaerobic metabolism and severe physiological stress). To test directly whether a deviation in physiological homeostasis is associated with any change in behavioural activity, we exposed C. harengus in a school to a progressive stepwise decline in water oxygen pressure
and measured fish swimming speed and valid indicators of primary and secondary stress (i.e. blood cortisol, lactate, glucose and osmolality). Herring in hypoxia increased their swimming speed by 11–39% but only when
was <8.5 kPa and in an unsteady (i.e. declining) state. In parallel with the shift in behaviour, plasma cortisol also exhibited an increase with
plasma osmolality was subject to a transient rise at 8.5 kPa and plasma glucose was generally reduced at
However, without any rise in anaerobically derived lactate levels, there was no evidence of respiratory distress at any set
We show that a shift in physiological homeostasis is indeed linked with an increase in the swimming speed of herring but the physiological response reflects a hypoxia-induced shift in metabolic fuel-use rather than respiratory distress per se. The significance of this behavioural–physiological reaction is discussed in terms of behavioural-energetic trade-offs, schooling dynamics and the hypoxia tolerance of herring. 相似文献
622.
INTRODUCTION: Using data from the NASS General Estimates System (GES), the method of induced exposure was used to assess the effects of electronic stability control (ESC) on loss-of-control type crashes for sport utility vehicles. METHOD: Sport utility vehicles were classified into crash types generally associated with loss of control and crash types most likely not associated with loss of control. Vehicles were then compared as to whether ESC technology was present or absent in the vehicles. A generalized additive model was fit to assess the effects of ESC, driver age, and driver gender on the odds of loss of control. In addition, the effects of ESC on roads that were not dry were compared to effects on roads that were dry. RESULTS: Overall, the estimated percentage reduction in the odds of a loss-of-control crash for sport utility vehicles equipped with ESC was 70.3%. Both genders and all age groups showed reduced odds of loss-of-control crashes, but there was no significant difference between males and females. With respect to driver age, the maximum percentage reduction of 73.6% occurred at age 27. The positive effects of ESC on roads that were not dry were significantly greater than on roads that were dry. 相似文献
623.
Eric W Seabloom John W Williams Daniel Slayback David M Stoms Joshua H Viers Andy P Dobson 《Ecological applications》2006,16(4):1338-1350
Invasive species are one of the fastest growing conservation problems. These species homogenize the world's flora and fauna, threaten rare and endemic species, and impose large economic costs. Here, we examine the distribution of 834 of the more than 1000 exotic plant taxa that have become established in California, USA. Total species richness increases with net primary productivity; however, the exotic flora is richest in low-lying coastal sites that harbor large numbers of imperiled species, while native diversity is highest in areas with high mean elevation. Weedy and invasive exotics are more tightly linked to the distribution of imperiled species than the overall pool of exotic species. Structural equation modeling suggests that while human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, facilitate the initial invasion by exotic plants, exotics spread ahead of the front of human development into areas with high numbers of threatened native plants. The range sizes of exotic taxa are an order of magnitude smaller than for comparable native taxa. The current small range size of exotic species implies that California has a significant "invasion debt" that will be paid as exotic plants expand their range and spread throughout the state. 相似文献
624.
Climate change is likely to act as a multiple stressor, leading to cumulative and/or synergistic impacts on aquatic systems. Projected increases in temperature and corresponding alterations in precipitation regimes will enhance contaminant influxes to aquatic systems, and independently increase the susceptibility of aquatic organisms to contaminant exposure and effects. The consequences for the biota will in most cases be additive (cumulative) and multiplicative (synergistic). The overall result will be higher contaminant loads and biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems. Changes in stratospheric ozone and corresponding ultraviolet radiation regimes are also expected to produce cumulative and/or synergistic effects on aquatic ecosystem structure and function. Reduced ice cover is likely to have a much greater effect on underwater UV radiation exposure than the projected levels of stratospheric ozone depletion. A major increase in UV radiation levels will cause enhanced damage to organisms (biomolecular, cellular, and physiological damage, and alterations in species composition). Allocations of energy and resources by aquatic biota to UV radiation protection will increase, probably decreasing trophic-level productivity. Elemental fluxes will increase via photochemical pathways. 相似文献
625.
Perfluorinated chemicals in selected residents of the American continent 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Calafat AM Needham LL Kuklenyik Z Reidy JA Tully JS Aguilar-Villalobos M Naeher LP 《Chemosphere》2006,63(3):490-496
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are used in multiple consumer products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the most widely studied PFCs, may be potential developmental, reproductive, and systemic toxicants. Although PFCs seem to be ubiquitous contaminants found both in humans and animals, geographic differences may exist in human exposure patterns to PFCs. We measured 11 PFCs in 23 pooled serum samples collected in the United States from 1990 through 2002, and in serum samples collected in 2003 from 44 residents from Trujillo, Peru. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all the pooled samples; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) was detected in 21. Median concentrations were 31.1 micrograms per liter (mug/l, PFOS), 11.6 microg/l (PFOA), and 2 microg/l (PFHxS). The 90th percentile concentrations of PFCs in the 44 Peruvian residents were 0.7 microg/l (PFOS), 0.1 microg/l (PFOA), and <0.3 microg/l (PFHxS). The frequencies of detection were 20% (PFOS), 25% (PFOA), and 9% (PFHxS). The frequent detection of selected PFCs in the pooled samples from the United States and the lack of clear concentration trends based on a year of collection suggest a sustained widespread exposure to these compounds among US residents, at least since the 1990s. By contrast, the much lower frequency of detection and concentration ranges of PFCs in Peru suggest a lower exposure of Peruvians to PFCs compared with North Americans. Genetic variability, diet, lifestyle, or a combination of all these may contribute to the different patterns of human exposure to PFCs in the United States and Peru. 相似文献
626.
Hung CL Xu Y Lam JC Jefferson TA Hung SK Yeung LW Lam MH O'Toole DK Lam PK 《Chemosphere》2006,63(5):845-852
The risks to Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins and Finless Porpoises associated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed. Stomach contents from twelve stranded Humpback Dolphins and sixteen stranded Finless Porpoises were collected. Concentrations of total and isomer-specific PCBs in the stomach contents were determined using dual-column gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detectors (GC-ECD). Risks due to the PCBs were assessed in three scenarios, based on total PCBs (summation of 41 PCB congeners), total toxicity equivalency (TEQs) and PCB 118, using the toxicity reference values (TRVs) as the threshold effects benchmarks. The calculated risk quotients (RQs) showed that risks due to PCBs were generally low or negligible. Specifically, RQs from total TEQs and total PCBs for Finless Porpoises are below one, suggesting that PCBs should be a low risk for the Finless Porpoise in Hong Kong waters. However, the Humpback Dolphin has RQs larger than 1 for total TEQs and total PCBs when the 95th percentile data were used in the evaluation. This indicates that further investigation may be needed to examine more closely the potential impact of toxic contaminants in the habitat of the Humpback Dolphin. 相似文献
627.
628.
Leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Prunus domestica (plum), and Anacardium occidentale (cashew), as well as roots and leaves of Manihot esculenta (cassava) were used to study the local distribution of pesticides and metabolites from a point source, an old storage site at Vikuge farm in Tanzania. The GPC-cleaned extracts were analyzed by GC-ECD and GC/MS. Eleven organochlorine pesticide residues namely pentachloroanisole, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, delta-HCH and epsilon-HCH were detected in the samples. The concentrations of total DDT were 818 ng/g fw in Eucalyptus sp., 16 ng/g fw in A. occidentale and 4 ng/g fw in P. domestica. In M. esculenta, total DDT ranged from 191 to 586 ng/g fw in roots and 7 to 425 ng/g fw in leaves. The concentrations of total HCH were up to 15 ng/g fw in Eucalyptus sp., while the concentrations of pentachloroanisole were up to 2 ng/g fw in leaves of M. esculenta. There are very strong positive correlations in the concentrations of the detected compounds, suggesting that they have a common source. The low DDE/DDT ratios (0.02-0.07) in all samples indicate input of non-degraded DDT from the source. The high alpha-HCH/gamma-HCH ratios in some samples (>3.1-10) indicate input of technical HCH. The concentrations of total DDT in cassava roots were either very close to, or greater than, the FAO/WHO limit, indicating risks and concern to public health. 相似文献
629.
Koh CH Khim JS Villeneuve DL Kannan K Giesy JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,142(1):48-57
This study employed mechanism-specific in vitro bioassays to help characterize the occurrence and distribution of dioxin-like and estrogenic contaminants in sediment from Yeongil Bay, Korea. Approximately 85% of the sediments tested induced significant dioxin-like activity in the H4IIE-luc bioassay, while approximately 50% induced significant estrogenic activity in the MVLN bioassay. Instrumentally-derived estimates of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 17beta-estradiol equivalents tended to underestimate the magnitude of response observed in the bioassays, suggesting that compounds detected by chemical analysis did not account for all the activity associated with Yeongil Bay sediments, or that non-additive interactions were occurring. The greatest dioxin-like and estrogenic activity was associated with the mid-polarity Florisil fractions (F2) expected to contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as chlorinated dioxins and furans. As in previous studies of Korean coastal sediment, more polar fractions (F3) generated more modest responses both in terms of magnitude and the number of samples responding. 相似文献
630.
Antonious GF Meyer JE Snyder JC 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(8):1383-1391
Increasing concern about persistence and environmental impact of synthetic pesticide residues require development of biodegradable and environmentally safe alternatives. The potential of using fruit extracts of hot pepper as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study. Twenty-four Capsicum accessions (Solanaceae) were screened for their toxicity and repellency to the spider mites. Crude extracts from fruits of C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were prepared in methanol and tested for their acaricidal properties. Spider mite mortality was greatest (45%) when fruit extract of accession Grif-9169 (C. annuum) was used. Results from diving board bioassays indicated that mites avoided filter paper strips treated with hot pepper extracts from accessions PI-596057 (C. baccatum), PI-195299 (C. annuum), and Grif- 9270 (C. annuum). This investigation suggests that methanolic extracts of these three accessions may have a great potential for repelling spider mites and should be field-tested on a large-scale to assess their value in managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic acaricides. An attempt was made to correlate repellency with chemical constituents of fruit extracts of the most repellent accessions to identify chemical sources of repellency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the pungent components of pepper fruit, were not correlated with toxicity or repellency, indicating that these are not likely related to the toxicity or repellency of the pepper fruit extracts. Other, unidentified chemicals are likely responsible for toxicity and repellency to the two-spotted spider mite. 相似文献